What is Nvidia A100?
The Nvidia A100 is a graphics processing unit (GPU) designed by Nvidia. It is part of the Ampere architecture and is designed for data centers and high-performance computing.
Learn moreGlossary
Key terms in Generative AI
Explore essential concepts in Generative AI with our comprehensive glossary.
What is abductive logic programming?
Abductive Logic Programming (ALP) is a form of logic programming that allows a system to generate hypotheses based on a set of rules and data. The system then tests these hypotheses against the data to find the most plausible explanation. This approach is particularly useful in AI applications where data interpretation is challenging, such as medical diagnosis, financial fraud detection, and robotic movement planning.
Learn moreAbductive Reasoning
Abductive reasoning is a form of logical inference that focuses on forming the most likely conclusions based on the available information. It was popularized by American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce in the late 19th century. Unlike deductive reasoning, which guarantees a true conclusion if the premises are true, abductive reasoning only yields a plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it. This is because the information available may not be complete, and therefore, there is no guarantee that the conclusion reached is the right one.
Learn moreWhat is an abstract data type?
An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a mathematical model for data types, defined by its behavior from the point of view of a user of the data. It is characterized by a set of values and a set of operations that can be performed on these values. The term "abstract" is used because the data type provides an implementation-independent view. This means that the user of the data type doesn't need to know how that data type is implemented, they only need to know what operations can be performed on it.
Learn moreAI Abstraction
Abstraction in AI is the process of simplifying complexity by focusing on essential features and hiding irrelevant details, facilitating human-like perception, knowledge representation, reasoning, and learning. It's extensively applied in problem-solving, theorem proving, spatial and temporal reasoning, and machine learning.
Learn moreWhat is AI and how is it changing?
AI, or artificial intelligence, is a branch of computer science that deals with creating intelligent machines that can think and work like humans. AI is changing the way we live and work, and it is poised to have a major impact on the economy in the years to come.
Learn moreF-Score: What are Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score?
Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score are metrics used in classification tasks to evaluate the performance of a model. Accuracy measures the proportion of correct predictions, Precision measures the proportion of true positive predictions, Recall measures the sensitivity of the model, and F1 Score is the harmonic mean of Precision and Recall.
Learn moreWhat is action language (AI)?
Action language refers to the programming constructs that enable a computer program or software agent to interact with its environment through executing specific tasks and manipulating data by sending, receiving, and responding to instructions. It consists of commands, statements, or code designed for directing the system to perform operations based on predetermined rules, conditions, or user input. Action languages are often used in artificial intelligence (AI) systems, where they facilitate intelligent machines to understand natural language and process it, enabling communication with humans or other computer programs.
Learn moreWhat is action model learning?
Action model learning is a form of inductive reasoning in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), where new knowledge is generated based on an agent's observations. It's a process where a computer system learns how to perform a task by observing another agent performing the same task. This knowledge is usually represented in a logic-based action description language and is used when goals change. After an agent has acted for a while, it can use its accumulated knowledge about actions in the domain to make better decisions.
Learn moreWhat is action selection?
Action selection in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the process by which an AI agent determines what to do next. It's a fundamental mechanism for integrating the design of intelligent systems and is a key aspect of AI development.
Learn moreWhat is an activation function?
An activation function in the context of an artificial neural network is a mathematical function applied to a node's input to produce the node's output, which then serves as input to the next layer in the network. The primary purpose of an activation function is to introduce non-linearity into the network, enabling it to learn complex patterns and perform tasks beyond mere linear classification or regression.
Learn moreWhat is an adaptive algorithm?
An adaptive algorithm is a computational method that dynamically adjusts its behavior or parameters in response to changes in the environment or data it processes. This adjustment is typically guided by a predefined reward mechanism or criterion, which helps the algorithm optimize its performance for the given conditions.
Learn moreWhat is adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)?
ANFIS is a type of artificial intelligence that combines neural networks, fuzzy logic, and inference systems to create intelligent decision-making models. It can be used for tasks such as classification, regression, clustering, and control. ANFIS has the advantage of being able to handle complex and uncertain data, as well as learning from experience and adapting to changing environments.
Learn moreWhat is an admissible heuristic?
An admissible heuristic is a concept in computer science, specifically in algorithms related to pathfinding and artificial intelligence. It refers to a heuristic function that never overestimates the cost of reaching the goal. The cost it estimates to reach the goal is not higher than the lowest possible cost from the current state.
Learn moreUnderstanding Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in AI
Adversarial attacks involve manipulating input data to fool AI models, while defenses are techniques to make AI models more robust against such attacks. This article explores the nature of adversarial attacks, their impact on AI systems, and the various strategies developed to defend against them.
Learn moreWhat is affective computing?
Affective computing refers to the study and development of systems that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human emotions. It aims to enable computers and other devices to understand and respond to the emotional states of their users, leading to more natural and intuitive interactions between humans and machines.
Learn moreWhat is agent architecture?
Agent architecture defines the organizational structure and interaction of components within software agents or intelligent control systems, commonly referred to as cognitive architectures in intelligent agents.
Learn moreWhat are agents?
Agents in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) are entities that perceive their environment and take actions autonomously to achieve their goals. They can range from simple entities like thermostats to complex ones like human beings. Understanding these agents and their behavior is crucial for the development and management of AI systems.
Learn moreWhat is an AI accelerator?
An AI accelerator, also known as a neural processing unit, is a class of specialized hardware or computer system designed to accelerate artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning applications. These applications include artificial neural networks, machine vision, and other data-intensive or sensor-driven tasks. AI accelerators are often designed with a focus on low-precision arithmetic, novel dataflow architectures, or in-memory computing capability. They can provide up to a tenfold increase in efficiency compared to general-purpose designs, thanks to their application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design.
Learn moreLLM Alignment
LLM Alignment ensures the safe operation of Large Language Models (LLMs) by training and testing them to handle a diverse array of inputs, including adversarial ones that may attempt to mislead or disrupt the model. This process is essential for AI safety, as it aligns the model's outputs with intended behaviors and human values.
Learn moreAI Complete
An AI-complete problem, also known as AI-hard, is a problem that is as difficult to solve as the most challenging problems in the field of artificial intelligence. The term implies that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to that of making computers as intelligent as humans, or achieving strong AI. This means that if a machine could solve an AI-complete problem, it would be capable of performing any intellectual task that a human being can do.
Learn moreWhat is AI Content Moderation?
AI Content Moderation refers to the use of artificial intelligence technologies, such as machine learning algorithms and natural language processing, to automatically filter, review, and moderate user-generated content. This process flags content that violates community guidelines or legal standards, thereby ensuring the safety and respectfulness of online communities and platforms.
Learn moreWhat is the AI Darkside?
The AI Darkside refers to the unethical use of artificial intelligence technology for harmful purposes. It includes creating fake images or videos, spreading false information, and exploiting systems for malicious intent.
Learn moreWhat is an AI Engineer?
An AI Engineer is a professional who specializes in creating, programming, and training the complex networks of algorithms that constitute artificial intelligence (AI). They apply a combination of data science, software development, and algorithm engineering to ensure that computers can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as recognizing speech, making decisions, and predicting outcomes.
Learn moreWhat is AI Ethics?
AI Ethics refers to the branch of ethics that focuses on the moral issues arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is concerned with the behavior of humans as they design, make, use, and treat artificially intelligent systems, as well as the behavior of the machines themselves. AI Ethics is a system of moral principles and techniques intended to guide the development and responsible use of AI technology.
Learn moreWhat is AI Governance?
AI Governance refers to the principles, frameworks, and legal structures that ensure the responsible use of AI. It aims to manage risks, ensure ethical deployment, and maintain transparency in the use of AI technologies. The goal is to prevent legal, financial, and reputational damage that could result from misuse or biased outcomes from AI systems.
Learn moreAI Hardware
AI hardware refers to specialized computational devices and components, such as GPUs, TPUs, and NPUs, that facilitate and accelerate the processing demands of artificial intelligence tasks. These components play a pivotal role alongside algorithms and software in the AI ecosystem.
Learn moreWhat is AI Privacy?
AI Privacy refers to the challenges and considerations related to the use of personal data by artificial intelligence (AI) systems. As AI models often require extensive personal data for training and operation, there are significant concerns about how this data is collected, stored, accessed, and used, and the potential for privacy breaches or misuse of data.
Learn moreAI Product Manager
An AI Product Manager is a professional who guides the development, launch, and continuous improvement of products or features powered by artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML). This role is a blend of traditional product management and specialized knowledge in AI and ML.
Learn moreWhat is AI Quality Control?
AI Quality is determined by evaluating an AI system's performance, societal impact, operational compatibility, and data quality. Performance is measured by the accuracy and generalization of the AI model's predictions, along with its robustness, fairness, and privacy. Societal impact considers ethical implications, including bias and fairness. Operational compatibility ensures the AI system integrates well within its environment, and data quality is critical for the model's predictive power and reliability.
Learn moreWhat is AI Safety?
AI safety refers to the field of research and development aimed at ensuring that advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems are safe, reliable, and aligned with human values and goals. It encompasses various aspects such as designing AI algorithms that can safely learn from and interact with complex environments, developing robust control mechanisms to prevent unintended consequences or malicious use of AI, and incorporating ethical considerations into the design and deployment of AI systems. AI safety is crucial for ensuring that AI technology benefits humanity and does not lead to unforeseen risks or threats to our existence or well-being.
Learn moreWhat is an AI Team?
An AI team is a multidisciplinary group that combines diverse expertise to develop, deploy, and manage AI-driven solutions. The team is composed of various roles, each contributing unique expertise to achieve a common goal.
Learn moreWhat is AI Winter?
AI Winter refers to periods of reduced interest, funding, and development in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). These periods are characterized by a decline in customer interest, leading to dormant periods in AI research and development. The term "winter" is used metaphorically to describe these downturns, emphasizing the cyclical nature of growth and dormancy in the field.
Learn moreAIML
AIML, or Artificial Intelligence Markup Language, is an XML-based language used by developers to create natural language software agents, such as chatbots and virtual assistants. It was developed by Dr. Richard Wallace and the Artificial Intelligence Foundation in the early 1990s.
Learn moreWhat is an algorithm?
Algorithms are well-defined instructions that machines follow to perform tasks. They can solve problems, manipulate data, and achieve desired outcomes in various computing and AI domains.
Learn moreWhat is algorithmic efficiency?
Algorithmic efficiency is a property of an algorithm that relates to the amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. It's a measure of how well an algorithm performs in terms of time and space, which are the two main measures of efficiency.
Learn moreWhat is Algorithmic Probability?
Algorithmic probability, also known as Solomonoff probability, is a mathematical method of assigning a prior probability to a given observation. It was invented by Ray Solomonoff in the 1960s and is used in inductive inference theory and analyses of algorithms.
Learn moreAlpacaEval
AlpacaEval is a benchmarking tool designed to evaluate the performance of language models by testing their ability to follow instructions and generate appropriate responses. It provides a standardized way to measure and compare the capabilities of different models, ensuring that developers and researchers can understand the strengths and weaknesses of their AI systems in a consistent and reliable manner.
Learn moreWhat is AlphaGo?
AlphaGo, developed by Google DeepMind, is a revolutionary computer program known for its prowess in the board game Go. It gained global recognition for being the first AI to defeat a professional human Go player.
Learn moreWhat is Amazon Bedrock?
Amazon Bedrock is a fully managed service that offers a choice of high-performing foundation models from leading AI companies like AI21 Labs, Anthropic, Cohere, and Stability AI, along with a broad set of capabilities for building generative AI applications with security, privacy, and responsible AI.
Learn moreWhat is ambient intelligence?
Ambient Intelligence (AmI) refers to the integration of AI technology into everyday environments, enabling objects and systems to interact with users in a natural and intuitive way. It involves creating intelligent environments that can sense, understand, and respond to human needs and preferences. Examples of ambient intelligence include smart homes, wearable devices, and virtual assistants like Amazon's Alexa or Apple's Siri. Ambient Intelligence aims to enhance user experience by providing personalized and context-aware services without requiring explicit user input.
Learn moreWhy is Analysis of Algorithms important?
Analysis of algorithms is crucial for understanding their efficiency, performance, and applicability in various problem-solving contexts. It helps developers and researchers make informed decisions about choosing appropriate algorithms for specific tasks, optimizing their implementations, and predicting their behavior under different conditions or inputs.
Learn moreAI Analytics
Analytics refers to the systematic computational analysis of data or statistics to identify meaningful patterns or insights that can be used to make informed decisions or predictions. In AI, analytics involves using algorithms and statistical models to analyze large datasets, often in real-time, to extract valuable information and make intelligent decisions. Analytics techniques are commonly employed in machine learning, deep learning, and predictive modeling applications, where the goal is to optimize performance or improve accuracy by leveraging data-driven insights.
Learn moreAndrej Karpathy
Andrej Karpathy is a renowned computer scientist and artificial intelligence researcher known for his work on deep learning and neural networks. He served as the director of artificial intelligence and Autopilot Vision at Tesla, and currently works for OpenAI.
Learn moreWhat is answer set programming?
Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming that is particularly suited for solving difficult search problems, many of which are NP-hard. It is based on the stable model (also known as answer set) semantics of logic programming. In ASP, problems are expressed in a way that solutions correspond to stable models, and specialized solvers are used to find these models.
Learn moreWhat is Anthropic AI?
Anthropic is an American artificial intelligence (AI) startup company based in San Francisco, California. It was founded by former members of OpenAI in 2021. The company is a public-benefit corporation, meaning it aims to make a profit while also working on something that will have a positive impact on humanity.
Learn moreAnthropic Claude 3
Anthropic recently unveiled the Claude 3 model family, establishing new benchmarks in a variety of cognitive tasks. This lineup includes Claude 3 Haiku, Claude 3 Sonnet, and Claude 3 Opus, each model offering enhanced performance levels for different user needs in terms of intelligence, speed, and cost.
Learn moreWhat is the anytime algorithm?
The anytime algorithm is a type of algorithm that continually improves its output or solution over time, even if it does not have a specific stopping condition. These algorithms can be useful in situations where the optimal solution may take a long time to compute or when there is a need for real-time decision-making.
Learn moreWhat is an API?
An AI API, or Artificial Intelligence Application Programming Interface, is a specific type of API that allows developers to integrate artificial intelligence capabilities into their applications, websites, or software products without building AI algorithms from scratch. AI APIs provide access to various machine learning models and services, enabling developers to leverage AI technologies such as natural language processing, picture recognition, sentiment analysis, speech-to-text, language translation, and more.
Learn moreWhat is approximate string matching?
Approximate string matching, also known as fuzzy string matching, is a concept in computer science where the goal is to find strings that match a given pattern approximately rather than exactly. This technique is useful in situations where data may contain errors or inconsistencies, such as typos in text, variations in naming conventions, or differences in data formats.
Learn moreWhat is approximation error?
Approximation error refers to the difference between an approximate value or solution and its exact counterpart. In mathematical and computational contexts, this often arises when we use an estimate or an algorithm to find a numerical solution instead of an analytical one. The accuracy of the approximation depends on factors like the complexity of the problem at hand, the quality of the method used, and the presence of any inherent limitations or constraints in the chosen approach.
Learn moreWhat is Argument Mining?
Argument mining, also known as argumentation mining, is a research area within the field of natural language processing (NLP). Its primary goal is the automatic extraction and identification of argumentative structures from natural language text. These argumentative structures include the premise, conclusions, the argument scheme, and the relationship between the main and subsidiary argument, or the main and counter-argument within discourse.
Learn moreArgumentation framework (AF)?
An Argumentation Framework (AF) is a structured approach used in artificial intelligence (AI) to handle contentious information and draw conclusions from it using formalized arguments. It's a key component in building AI-powered debate systems and logical reasoners.
Learn moreWhat is artificial general intelligence (AGI)?
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to a type of artificial intelligence that has the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge in a way that is indistinguishable from human intelligence across a wide range of domains and tasks.
Learn moreWhat is an artificial immune system?
An Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a class of computationally intelligent, rule-based machine learning systems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system. It's a sub-field of biologically inspired computing and natural computation, with interests in machine learning and belonging to the broader field of artificial intelligence.
Learn moreWhat is artificial intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to create systems capable of performing tasks that would typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, and content generation.
Learn moreWhat is artificial intelligence, and what are its key components?
The situated approach in AI refers to the development of agents that are designed to operate effectively within their environment. This approach emphasizes the importance of creating AI systems "from the bottom-up," focusing on basic perceptual and motor skills necessary for an agent to function and survive in its environment. It de-emphasizes abstract reasoning and problem-solving skills that are not directly tied to interaction with the environment.
Learn moreWhat is an artificial neural network?
An artificial neural network (ANN) is a machine learning model designed to mimic the function and structure of the human brain. It's a subset of machine learning and is at the heart of deep learning algorithms. The name and structure of ANNs are inspired by the human brain, mimicking the way that biological neurons signal to one another.
Learn moreWhat is the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)?
The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is an international, nonprofit scientific society founded in 1979. Its mission is to promote research in, and responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI), and to advance the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines.
Learn moreWhat is the asymptotic computational complexity?
Asymptotic computational complexity is a concept in computational complexity theory that uses asymptotic analysis to estimate the computational complexity of algorithms and computational problems. It's often associated with the use of big O notation, which provides an upper bound on the time or space complexity of an algorithm as the input size grows.
Learn moreAttention Mechanisms
An attention mechanism is a component of a machine learning model that allows the model to weigh different parts of the input differently when making predictions. This is particularly useful in tasks that involve sequential data, such as natural language processing or time series analysis, where the importance of different parts of the input can vary.
Learn moreWhat is attributional calculus?
Attributional Calculus (AC) is a logic and representation system defined by Ryszard S. Michalski. It combines elements of predicate logic, propositional calculus, and multi-valued logic. AC is a typed logic system that facilitates both inductive inference (hypothesis generation) and deductive inference (hypothesis testing and application). It serves as a simple knowledge representation for inductive learning and as a system for reasoning about entities described by attributes.
Learn moreWhat are Autoencoders?
Autoencoders are a type of artificial neural network used for unsupervised learning. They are designed to learn efficient codings of unlabeled data, typically for the purpose of dimensionality reduction. The autoencoder learns two functions: an encoding function that transforms the input data, and a decoding function that recreates the input data from the encoded representation.
Learn moreWhat is AutoGPT?
AutoGPT is an open-source autonomous AI agent that, given a goal in natural language, breaks it down into sub-tasks and uses the internet and other tools to achieve it. It is based on the GPT-4 language model and can automate workflows, analyze data, and generate new suggestions without the need for continuous user input.
Learn moreWhat is automata theory?
Automata theory is a theoretical branch of computer science and mathematics that studies abstract mathematical machines, known as automata. These machines, when given a finite set of inputs, automatically perform tasks by going through a finite sequence of states. Automata theory is closely related to formal language theory, as both fields deal with the description and classification of formal languages.
Learn moreWhat is AI Planning (Automated Planning & Scheduling)?
AI Planning, also known as Automated Planning and Scheduling, is a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on the development of strategies or sequences of actions to achieve specific goals. It is typically used for execution by intelligent agents, autonomous robots, and unmanned vehicles.
Learn moreWhat is automated reasoning?
Automated reasoning refers to the use of computer algorithms and logic-based systems to solve problems that typically require human intelligence, such as deducing new facts from given data or proving mathematical theorems. It employs various techniques like symbolic computation, constraint satisfaction, and theorem proving to automate logical inference processes. Applications of automated reasoning include artificial intelligence, software verification, and knowledge representation systems.
Learn moreWhat is the ASR (Automated Speech Recognition)?
Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) is a technology that uses Machine Learning or Artificial Intelligence (AI) to convert human speech into readable text. It's a critical component of speech AI, designed to facilitate human-computer interaction through voice. ASR technology has seen significant advancements over the past decade, with its applications becoming increasingly common in our daily lives. It's used in popular applications like TikTok, Instagram, Spotify, and Zoom for real-time captions and transcriptions.
Learn moreWhat is autonomic computing?
Autonomic computing refers to self-managing computer systems that require minimal human intervention. These systems leverage self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, and self-protection mechanisms to enhance reliability, performance, and security.
Learn moreWhat are autonomous robots?
Autonomous robots are intelligent machines that can perform tasks and operate in an environment independently, without human control or intervention. They can perceive their environment, make decisions based on what they perceive and/or have been programmed to recognize, and then actuate a movement or manipulation within that environment. This includes basic tasks like starting, stopping, and maneuvering around obstacles.
Learn moreWhat is backpropagation?
Backpropagation is a widely-used algorithm for training artificial neural networks (ANNs) by adjusting their weights and biases to minimize a loss function, which measures the difference between the predicted and actual output values. The name "backpropagation" refers to the fact that the algorithm propagates error signals backwards through the network, from the output layer to the input layer, in order to update the weights of each neuron based on their contribution to the overall error.
Learn moreWhat is Backpropagation through time (BPTT)
Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is a method for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which are designed to process sequences of data by maintaining a 'memory' of previous inputs through internal states. BPTT extends the concept of backpropagation used in feedforward networks to RNNs by taking into account the temporal sequence of data.
Learn moreWhat is backward chaining?
Backward chaining in AI is a goal-driven, top-down approach to reasoning, where the system starts with a goal or conclusion and works backward to find the necessary conditions and rules that lead to that goal. It is commonly used in expert systems, automated theorem provers, inference engines, proof assistants, and other AI applications that require logical reasoning. The process involves looking for rules that could have resulted in the conclusion and then recursively looking for facts that satisfy these rules until the initial conditions are met. This method typically employs a depth-first search strategy and is often contrasted with forward chaining, which is data-driven and works from the beginning to the end of a logic sequence.
Learn moreWhat is a bag-of-words model?
A bag-of-words model is a simple way to represent text data. It is a representation where each word in the text is represented by a number. The order of the words is not taken into account, so this model is also called a bag-of-words model.
Learn moreWhat is batch normalization?
Batch normalization is a method used in training artificial neural networks that normalizes the interlayer outputs, or the inputs to each layer. This technique is designed to make the training process faster and more stable. It was proposed by Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy in 2015.
Learn moreWhat is Bayesian probability?
Bayesian probability is an interpretation of the concept of probability, where probability is interpreted as a reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantifiable uncertainty about a proposition whose truth or falsity is unknown. This interpretation is named after Thomas Bayes, who proved a special case of what is now called Bayes' theorem.
Learn moreWhat is Bayesian programming?
Bayesian programming is a formalism and methodology used to specify probabilistic models and solve problems when less than the necessary information is available. It is a statistical method to construct probability models and solve open-ended problems with incomplete information. The goal of Bayesian programming is to express human intuition in algebraic form and develop more intelligent AI systems.
Learn moreWhat is the bees algorithm?
The Bees Algorithm is a population-based search algorithm inspired by the food foraging behavior of honey bee colonies, developed by Pham, Ghanbarzadeh et al. in 2005. It is designed to solve optimization problems, which can be either combinatorial or continuous in nature.
Learn moreWhat is behavior informatics?
Behavior Informatics (BI) is a multidisciplinary field that combines elements of computer science, psychology, and behavioral science to study, model, and utilize behavioral data. It aims to obtain behavior intelligence and insights by analyzing and organizing various aspects of behaviors.
Learn moreWhat is a behavior tree?
Behavior trees are hierarchical models used to design and implement decision-making AI. They consist of nodes representing actions or conditions, with conditions determining whether actions are executed. This structure allows for dynamic and believable AI behaviors, such as a video game guard character who reacts to player actions based on a series of condition checks before engaging.
Learn moreWhat is the belief-desire-intention (BDI) agent model?
The belief-desire-intention (BDI) software model is a computational model of the mind that is used in artificial intelligence (AI) research. The model is based on the belief-desire-intention (BDI) theory of mind, which is a psychological theory of how humans think and make decisions.
Learn moreBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)?
BERT is a pre-trained transformer network that has shown state-of-the-art performance on various natural language processing tasks. It uses a bidirectional encoder to encapsulate a sentence from left to right and from right to left, learning two representations of each word. BERT has been used for various tasks, including sentence embedding, fine-tuning for downstream tasks, and next sentence prediction.
Learn moreWhat is Bias-Variance Tradeoff (ML)?
The Bias-Variance Tradeoff is a fundamental concept in machine learning that describes the balance between a model's complexity (variance) and its assumptions about the data it's learning from (bias). High bias can lead to underfitting, where the model oversimplifies the data, while high variance can lead to overfitting, where the model overcomplicates the data. The goal is to find a balance that minimizes total error.
Learn moreWhat is big data in AI?
Big data in AI refers to the large volume of structured and unstructured data that is used in the field of artificial intelligence. This data is crucial for training machine learning models to make accurate predictions and decisions.
Learn moreWhat is Big O notation?
Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the performance or complexity of an algorithm. It provides an upper bound on the number of operations required for an algorithm to complete, as a function of its input size. This helps in understanding how an algorithm will behave as the input size grows, and in comparing the efficiency of different algorithms. The notation is widely used in computer science and software engineering, particularly in the analysis of sorting algorithms, searching algorithms, and other common data structures.
Learn moreWhat is Binary classification?
Binary classification is a type of supervised learning algorithm in machine learning that categorizes new observations into one of two classes. It's a fundamental task in machine learning where the goal is to predict which of two possible classes an instance of data belongs to. The output of binary classification is a binary outcome, where the result can either be positive or negative, often represented as 1 or 0, true or false, yes or no, etc.
Learn moreWhat is a Binary Trees
A binary tree is a tree data structure where each node has at most two children, typically referred to as the left child and the right child. This structure is rooted, meaning it starts with a single node known as the root. Each node in a binary tree consists of three components: a data element, a pointer to the left child, and a pointer to the right child. In the case of a leaf node (a node without children), the pointers to the left and right child point to null.
Learn moreWhat is blackboard system (AI)?
A blackboard system is an artificial intelligence approach based on the blackboard architectural model. It's a problem-solving architecture that enables cooperative processing among multiple knowledge sources. The system is named after the metaphor of a group of experts working together to solve a problem by writing on a communal blackboard.
Learn moreWhat is BLEU?
The BLEU Score, or Bilingual Evaluation Understudy, is a metric used in machine translation to evaluate the quality of translated text. It measures the similarity between the machine-generated translation and the human reference translation, considering precision of n-grams.
Learn moreWhat is a Boltzmann machine?
A Boltzmann machine is a type of artificial neural network that consists of a collection of symmetrically connected binary neurons (i.e., units) organized into two layers: a visible layer and a hidden layer. The connections between these neurons are associated with weights or parameters that determine the strength and direction of their interactions, while each neuron is also associated with a bias or threshold value that influences its propensity to fire or remain inactive.
Learn moreWhat is the Boolean satisfiability problem?
The Boolean satisfiability problem (often referred to as SAT or B-SAT) is a fundamental decision problem in computer science and logic. It involves determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given Boolean formula. In other words, it checks whether the variables of a given Boolean formula can be consistently replaced by the values TRUE or FALSE in such a way that the formula evaluates to TRUE. If this is possible, the formula is called satisfiable. If no such assignment exists, the formula is unsatisfiable.
Learn moreWhat is a Brain-Computer Interface?
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.
Learn moreWhat is Brain Technology and how can it be used to benefit society?
Brain technology refers to the development of technologies that are designed to help us understand and manipulate the brain. This can include everything from drugs to improve cognitive function, to brain-computer interfaces that allow us to control devices with our minds.
Learn moreWhat is a branching factor?
The branching factor in computing, tree data structures, and game theory refers to the number of children at each node, also known as the outdegree. When the number of children per node is not uniform across the tree or graph, an average branching factor is calculated to represent the typical case.
Learn moreWhat is brute-force search?
Brute-force search, also known as exhaustive search or generate and test, is a general problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm that systematically enumerates all possible candidates for a solution and checks each one for validity. This approach is straightforward and relies on sheer computing power to solve a problem.
Learn moreCapsule neural network
A capsule neural network is a type of artificial intelligence that is designed to better model hierarchical relationships. Unlike traditional AI models, which are based on a flat, fully-connected structure, capsule neural networks are based on a hierarchical structure that is similar to the way that the brain processes information.
Learn moreWhat is case-based reasoning?
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving approach in artificial intelligence and cognitive science that uses past solutions to solve similar new problems. It is an experience-based technique that adapts previously successful solutions to new situations. The process is primarily memory-based, modeling the reasoning process on the recall and application of past experiences.
Learn moreWhat is Causal Inference?
Causal Inference is a statistical approach that goes beyond mere correlation to understand the cause-and-effect relationships between variables. In the context of AI, it is used to model and predict the consequences of interventions, essential for decision-making, policy design, and understanding complex systems.
Learn moreChain of Thought Prompting
Chain of thought or reasoning is a sequential process of understanding or decision-making that connects the ideas or arguments in a structured manner. It begins with an initial thought, leading to a series of logically connected ideas, and ends with a final conclusion. This reasoning process includes analysis, evaluation, and synthesis of information, and it is fundamental to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. The strength of the chain of thought depends on the quality and relevance of each link within the chain. Frequently, visual tools like flowcharts or diagrams are used to illustrate this chain of thought for better understanding.
Learn moreWhat is a chatbot?
A chatbot is a computer program that simulates human conversation. It uses artificial intelligence (AI) to understand what people say and respond in a way that simulates a human conversation. Chatbots are used in a variety of applications, including customer service, marketing, and sales.
Learn moreWhat is ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI that uses natural language processing to create humanlike conversational dialogue.
Learn moreWhat is the Chomsky model?
The Chomsky model refers to the theories and ideas proposed by renowned linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky. These theories, particularly the theory of Universal Grammar, have significantly influenced the field of linguistics and, by extension, natural language processing (NLP), a subfield of machine learning (ML).
Learn moreClassification
Classification is a supervised learning technique used to categorize new observations or data points into predefined classes or labels. This process involves training an AI model using labeled data, where each data point is associated with a specific class. The model learns from this data and then applies the learned patterns to new, unlabeled data, assigning each new data point to one of the predefined classes.
Learn morePrecision vs Recall
Precision tells us how many of the items we identified as correct were actually correct, while recall tells us how many of the correct items we were able to identify. It's like looking for gold: precision is our accuracy in finding only gold instead of rocks, and recall is our success in finding all the pieces of gold in the dirt.
Learn moreCluster Analysis
Cluster analysis is a technique used in data mining and machine learning to group similar data points together based on their attributes or features.
Learn moreWhat is Cobweb?
Cobweb is an incremental system for hierarchical conceptual clustering, invented by Professor Douglas H. Fisher. It organizes observations into a classification tree, where each node represents a class or concept and is labeled by a probabilistic description of that concept. The classification tree can be used to predict missing attributes or the class of a new object.
Learn moreWhat is cognitive architecture?
A cognitive architecture is a theoretical framework that aims to describe the underlying structures and mechanisms that enable a mind—whether in natural organisms or artificial systems—to exhibit intelligent behavior. It encompasses the fixed structures that provide a mind and how they work together with knowledge and skills to yield intelligent behavior in a variety of complex environments.
Learn moreWhat is cognitive computing?
Cognitive computing refers to the development of computer systems that can simulate human thought processes, including perception, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving. These systems use artificial intelligence techniques such as machine learning, natural language processing, and data analytics to process large amounts of information and make decisions based on patterns and relationships within the data. Cognitive computing is often used in applications such as healthcare, finance, and customer service, where it can help humans make more informed decisions by providing insights and recommendations based on complex data analysis.
Learn moreWhat is cognitive science?
Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the mind and its processes. It draws on multiple disciplines such as psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The field aims to understand and formulate the principles of intelligence, focusing on how the mind represents and manipulates knowledge.
Learn moreWhat is combinatorial optimization?
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that focuses on finding the optimal solution from a finite set of objects. The set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set.
Learn moreWhat is a committee machine (ML)?
A committee machine is a type of artificial neural network that uses a divide and conquer strategy to combine the responses of multiple neural networks into a single response. This approach is designed to improve the overall performance of the machine learning model by leveraging the strengths of individual models.
Learn moreWhat is commonsense knowledge?
Commonsense knowledge refers to the basic, self-evident knowledge that most people possess about the world around them. This includes understanding of everyday objects, events, and situations, as well as the ability to make sense of and interact with the world. Examples of commonsense knowledge include knowing that you should not enter an elevator until others have exited, or that if you stick a pin into a carrot, it makes a hole in the carrot, not the pin.
Learn moreWhat is commonsense reasoning?
Commonsense reasoning in AI refers to the ability of an artificial intelligence system to understand, interpret, and reason about everyday situations, objects, actions, and events that are typically encountered in human experiences and interactions. This involves applying general knowledge or intuitive understanding of common sense facts, rules, and relationships to make informed judgments, predictions, or decisions based on the given context or scenario.
Learn moreWhat is Compound-term Processing?
Compound-term processing in information retrieval is a technique used to improve the relevance of search results by matching based on compound terms rather than single words. Compound terms are multi-word concepts that are constructed by combining two or more simple terms, such as "triple heart bypass" instead of just "triple" or "bypass".
Learn moreWhat is computational chemistry?
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that employs computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It leverages methods of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into computer programs, to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids.
Learn moreWhat is the computational complexity of common AI algorithms?
The computational complexity of common AI algorithms varies depending on the specific algorithm. For instance, the computational complexity of a simple linear regression algorithm is O(n), where n is the number of features. Conversely, the computational complexity of more complex algorithms like deep learning neural networks is significantly higher and can reach O(n^2) or even O(n^3) in some cases, where n is the number of nodes in the network. It's important to note that a higher computational complexity often means the algorithm requires more resources and time to train and run, which can impact the efficiency and effectiveness of the AI model.
Learn moreWhat is computational creativity?
Computational creativity refers to the ability of a computer system or artificial intelligence (AI) agent to generate novel and valuable artifacts, ideas, or solutions to problems in various creative domains such as music, poetry, visual arts, storytelling, and problem-solving. It involves developing algorithms, models, and techniques that enable machines to exhibit human-like creativity in generating new outputs based on existing knowledge and data.
Learn moreWhat is computational cybernetics?
Computational cybernetics is a field that combines computer science, mathematics, and engineering to study complex systems and their behavior using mathematical models and algorithms. It involves developing methods for analyzing and controlling these systems, as well as designing new technologies based on the principles of cybernetics.
Learn moreWhat is computational humor?
Computational humor is a branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence that uses computers in humor research. It involves the generation and detection of humor, and it's a complex field due to the intricacies of humor, which often relies on context, timing, and cultural knowledge.
Learn moreWhat is computational intelligence?
Computational Intelligence (CI) refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation. It is a set of nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches that are used when traditional mathematical reasoning might be too complex or contain uncertainties. CI is often considered a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), with a clear distinction between the two. While both aim to perform tasks similar to human beings, CI specifically focuses on learning and adaptation, often inspired by biological and linguistic paradigms.
Learn moreWhat is computational learning theory?
Computational learning theory (CoLT) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on understanding the design, analysis, and theoretical underpinnings of machine learning algorithms. It combines elements from computer science, particularly the theory of computation, and statistics to create mathematical models that capture key aspects of learning. The primary objectives of computational learning theory are to analyze the complexity and capabilities of learning algorithms, to determine the conditions under which certain learning problems can be solved, and to quantify the performance of algorithms in terms of their accuracy and efficiency.
Learn moreWhat is computational linguistics?
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that combines computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), and linguistics to understand, analyze, and generate human language. It involves the application of computational methods and models to linguistic questions, with the aim of enhancing communication, revolutionizing language technology, and elevating human-computer interaction.
Learn moreComputational Mathematics
Computational mathematics plays a crucial role in AI, providing the foundation for data representation, computation, automation, efficiency, and accuracy.
Learn moreComputational Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience is a field that leverages mathematical tools and theories to investigate brain function. It involves the development and application of computational models and methodologies to understand the principles that govern the structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.
Learn moreComputational Number Theory
Computational number theory, also known as algorithmic number theory, is a branch of mathematics and computer science that focuses on the use of computational methods to investigate and solve problems in number theory. This includes algorithms for primality testing, integer factorization, finding solutions to Diophantine equations, and explicit methods in arithmetic geometry.
Learn moreWhat is the computational problem (AI)?
The computational problem in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the challenges and limitations associated with developing efficient algorithms and techniques for solving complex tasks or problems within various domains of computation, such as optimization, decision-making, pattern recognition, and knowledge representation. These challenges often arise from the inherent complexity and uncertainty of real-world systems, which can involve large-scale or high-dimensional data, nonlinear relationships between variables, dynamic changes or disturbances in the environment, and limited computational resources or constraints.
Learn moreWhat is computational statistics?
Computational statistics, also known as statistical computing, is a field that merges statistics with computer science. It encompasses the development and application of computational algorithms and methods to solve statistical problems, often those that are too complex for analytical solutions or require handling large datasets. This field has grown significantly with the advent of powerful computers and the need to analyze increasingly complex data.
Learn moreWhat is CAutoD and what are its key components?
Computational Automated Design (CAD) refers to the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software enables the digital creation of 2D drawings and 3D models of real-world products before they are manufactured, allowing for a virtual prototype to be developed and tested under various conditions.
Learn moreWhat is computer science?
Computer science is the study of computers and computational systems, encompassing both their theoretical and practical applications. It involves the design, development, and analysis of software and software systems, and draws heavily from mathematics and engineering foundations.
Learn moreWhat is computer vision?
Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science that focuses on enabling computers to identify and understand objects and people in images and videos. It seeks to replicate and automate tasks that mimic human visual capabilities.
Learn moreConcept Drift
Concept drift, also known as drift, is a phenomenon in predictive analytics, data science, and machine learning where the statistical properties of the target variable, which the model is trying to predict, change over time in unforeseen ways. This evolution of data can invalidate the data model, causing the predictions to become less accurate as time passes.
Learn moreWhat is connectionism?
Connectionism is an approach within cognitive science that models mental or behavioral phenomena as the emergent processes of interconnected networks of simple units. These units are often likened to neurons, and the connections (which can vary in strength) are akin to synapses in the brain. The core idea is that cognitive functions arise from the collective interactions of a large number of processing units, not from single neurons acting in isolation.
Learn moreWhat is Consciousness?
Consciousness refers to an individual's awareness of their unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environment. It is a complex mental state that involves both awareness and wakefulness. The study of consciousness and what it means to be conscious is a complex issue that is central to various disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and artificial intelligence.
Learn moreWhat is a consistent heuristic?
Consistent heuristics provide a systematic approach for AI systems to make decisions by leveraging past experiences and knowledge to narrow down choices and approximate the best solution. These heuristics are rules of thumb that guide AI towards achieving goals efficiently and effectively.
Learn moreWhat is Constitutional AI?
AI research lab Anthropic developed new RLAIF techniques for Constitutional AI that help align AI with human values. They use self-supervision and adversarial training to teach AI to behave according to certain principles or a "constitution" without needing explicit human labeling or oversight. Constitutional AI aims to embed legal and ethical frameworks into the model, like those in national constitutions. The goal is to align AI systems with societal values, rights, and privileges, making them ethically aligned and legally compliant.
Learn moreWhat is a constrained conditional model?
A Constrained Conditional Model (CCM) is a framework in machine learning that combines the learning of conditional models with declarative constraints within a constrained optimization framework. These constraints can be either hard, which prohibit certain assignments, or soft, which penalize unlikely assignments. The constraints are used to incorporate domain-specific knowledge into the model, allowing for more expressive decision-making in complex output spaces.
Learn moreWhat is constraint logic programming?
Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) is a programming paradigm that combines the features of logic programming with constraint solving capabilities. It extends logic programming by allowing constraints within the bodies of clauses, which must be satisfied for the logic program to be considered correct. These constraints can be mathematical equations, inequalities, or other conditions that restrict the values that variables can take.
Learn moreWhat is constraint programming?
Constraint programming (CP) is a paradigm for solving combinatorial problems that draws on a wide range of techniques from artificial intelligence, computer science, and operations research. It is a form of declarative programming that uses mathematical constraints to define the rules that must be met. In constraint programming, users declaratively state the constraints on the feasible solutions for a set of decision variables.
Learn moreWhat is a constructed language?
A constructed language, often shortened to conlang, is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary are consciously devised for a specific purpose, rather than having developed naturally. This purpose can range from facilitating international communication, adding depth to a work of fiction, experimenting in linguistics or cognitive science, creating art, or even for language games.
Learn moreContext Analysis
Context Analysis in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a process that involves breaking down sentences into components such as n-grams and noun phrases to extract the themes and facets within a collection of unstructured text documents.
Learn moreContext Window (LLMs)
The context window is akin to a short-term memory that determines how much text the model can consider for generating responses. Specifically, it refers to the number of tokens—individual pieces of text from tokenization—that the model processes at one time. This capacity varies among LLMs, affecting their input handling and comprehension abilities. For instance, GPT-3 can manage a context of 2,000 tokens, while GPT-4 Turbo extends to 128,000 tokens. Larger context windows enable the processing of more extensive information, which is crucial for tasks that require the model to learn from examples and respond accordingly.
Learn moreWhat is control theory in AI?
Control theory in AI is the study of how agents can best interact with their environment to achieve a desired goal. The objective is to design algorithms that enable these agents to make optimal decisions, while taking into account the uncertainty of the environment.
Learn moreConvolutional neural network
A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN or ConvNet) is a type of deep learning architecture that excels at processing data with a grid-like topology, such as images. CNNs are particularly effective at identifying patterns in images to recognize objects, classes, and categories, but they can also classify audio, time-series, and signal data.
Learn moreWhat are AI Copilots?
AI Copilots, powered by large language models (LLMs), are intelligent virtual assistants that enhance productivity and efficiency by automating tasks and aiding in decision-making processes. They process vast amounts of data to provide context-aware assistance.
Learn moreWhat is Cosine Similarity Evaluation?
Cosine Similarity Evaluation is a method used in machine learning to measure how similar two vectors are irrespective of their size. It is often used in natural language processing to compare the similarity of two texts.
Learn moreWhat are Cross-Lingual Language Models (XLMs)?
Cross-Lingual Language Models (XLMs) are AI models designed to understand and generate text across multiple languages, enabling them to perform tasks like translation, question answering, and information retrieval in a multilingual context without language-specific training data for each task.
Learn moreWhat is crossover (AI)?
Crossover, also known as recombination, is a genetic operator used in genetic algorithms and evolutionary computation to combine the genetic information of two parent solutions to generate new offspring solutions. It is analogous to the crossover that happens during sexual reproduction in biology.
Learn moreWhat is Darkforest?
Darkforest is a computer Go program developed by Facebook's AI Research team, based on deep learning techniques using a convolutional neural network. It combines these techniques with Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS), a method commonly seen in computer chess programs, to create a more advanced version known as Darkfmcts3.
Learn moreWhat is Dartmouth workshop in AI?
The Dartmouth Workshop, officially known as the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, was a seminal event in the history of artificial intelligence (AI). It took place in 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, and is widely considered the founding event of AI as a distinct field of study.
Learn moreData Annotation for LLMs
The process of labeling data to train or fine-tune Large Language Models (LLMs).
Learn moreAnnotation de données pour LLMs
Le processus d’étiquetage des données pour entraîner ou affiner les grands modèles de langage (LLMs).
Learn moreWhat is data augmentation?
Data augmentation is a strategy employed in machine learning to enhance the size and quality of training datasets, thereby improving the performance and generalizability of models. It involves creating modified copies of existing data or generating new data points. This technique is particularly useful for combating overfitting, which occurs when a model learns patterns specific to the training data, to the detriment of its performance on new, unseen data.
Learn moreData Flywheel
Data Flywheel, a concept in data science, refers to the process of using data to create a self-reinforcing system that continuously improves performance and generates more data.
Learn moreWhat is data fusion?
Data fusion involves integrating multiple data sources to enhance decision-making accuracy and reliability. This technique is crucial across various domains, such as autonomous vehicles, where it merges inputs from cameras, lidar, and radar to navigate safely. In healthcare, data fusion combines patient records, medical images, and test results to refine diagnoses, while in fraud detection, it aggregates financial transactions, customer data, and social media activity to identify fraudulent behavior more effectively.
Learn moreWhat is data integration?
Data integration in AI refers to the process of combining data from various sources to create a unified, accurate, and up-to-date dataset that can be used for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications. This process is essential for ensuring that AI systems have access to the most comprehensive and high-quality data possible, which is crucial for training accurate models and making informed decisions.
Learn moreWhat is Data Labeling in Machine Learning?
Data labeling is the process of assigning labels to raw data, transforming it into a structured format for training machine learning models. This step is essential for models to classify data, recognize patterns, and make predictions. It involves annotating data types like images, text, audio, or video with relevant information, which is critical for supervised learning algorithms such as classification and object detection.
Learn moreWhat is data mining?
Data mining is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets. It involves methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems. The goal of data mining is not the extraction of data itself, but the extraction of patterns and knowledge from that data.
Learn moreData Pipelines
Data Pipelines are a series of data processing steps where the output of one process is the input to the next. They are crucial in machine learning operations, enabling efficient data flow from the data source to the end application.
Learn moreWhat is data science?
Data science is a multidisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data in various forms, both structured and unstructured. It combines principles and practices from fields such as mathematics, statistics, artificial intelligence, and computer engineering.
Learn moreWhat is a Data Set?
A data set is a collection of data that is used to train an AI model. It can be anything from a collection of images to a set of text data. The data set teaches the AI model how to recognize patterns.
Learn moreData Warehouse
A data warehouse is a centralized repository where large volumes of structured data from various sources are stored and managed. It is specifically designed for query and analysis by business intelligence tools, enabling organizations to make data-driven decisions. A data warehouse is optimized for read access and analytical queries rather than transaction processing.
Learn moreWhat is Datalog?
Datalog is a declarative logic programming language that extends Prolog by allowing function-free Horn clauses, which are rules consisting of a head and a body. It is used in database systems for expressing queries and constraints.
Learn moreWhat is a decision boundary?
A decision boundary is a hypersurface in machine learning that separates different classes in a feature space. It represents the area where the model's prediction shifts from one class to another. For instance, in a two-dimensional feature space, the decision boundary could be a line or curve that separates two classes in a binary classification problem. It helps the model distinguish between different classes, thereby enabling accurate predictions on unseen data.
Learn moreWhat is a decision support system (DSS)?
A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computerized program or system designed to aid in decision-making within an organization or business. It's primarily used to improve the decision-making capabilities of a company by analyzing large amounts of data and presenting the best possible options. DSSs are typically used by mid and upper-level management to make informed decisions, solve problems, and plan strategies.
Learn moreWhat is decision theory?
Decision theory is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the logic and methodology of making choices, particularly under conditions of uncertainty. It is a branch of applied probability theory and analytic philosophy that involves assigning probabilities to various factors and numerical consequences to outcomes. The theory is concerned with identifying optimal decisions, where optimality is defined in terms of the goals and preferences of the decision-maker.
Learn moreWhat is decision tree learning?
Decision tree learning is a supervised learning approach used in statistics, data mining, and machine learning. It is a non-parametric method used for classification and regression tasks. The goal is to create a model that predicts the value of a target variable based on several input features.
Learn moreWhat is declarative programming?
Declarative programming is a high-level programming concept that abstracts away the control flow for logic required for software to perform an action. Instead of specifying how to achieve a task, it states what the task or desired outcome is. This is in contrast to imperative programming, which focuses on the step-by-step process to achieve a result.
Learn moreWhat is a deductive classifier?
A deductive classifier is an artificial intelligence inference engine that operates on the principles of deductive reasoning. It processes a set of declarations about a specific domain, which are expressed in a frame language. These declarations typically include the names of classes, sub-classes, properties, and constraints on permissible values. The primary function of a deductive classifier is to assess the logical consistency of these declarations. If inconsistencies are found, it attempts to resolve them. When the declarations are consistent, the classifier can infer additional information, such as adding details about existing classes or creating new classes, based on the logical structure of the input data.
Learn moreWhat is IBM Deep Blue?
IBM Deep Blue was a chess-playing expert system run on a unique purpose-built IBM supercomputer. It was the first computer to win a game, and the first to win a match, against a reigning world champion under regular time controls. The development of Deep Blue began in 1985 at Carnegie Mellon University under the name ChipTest. It then moved to IBM, where it was first renamed Deep Thought, then again in 1989 to Deep Blue.
Learn moreWhat is deep learning?
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on training artificial neural networks to learn from large amounts of data. These neural networks consist of multiple layers of interconnected nodes, which process input data and produce output predictions. As the name suggests, deep learning involves using many layers in these neural networks, allowing them to capture complex patterns and relationships within the data. This makes deep learning particularly well-suited for tasks such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, and predictive modeling.
Learn moreWhat is Deep Reinforcement Learning?
Deep Reinforcement Learning combines neural networks with a reinforcement learning architecture that enables software-defined agents to learn the best actions possible in virtual environment scenarios to maximize the notion of cumulative reward. It is the driving force behind many recent advancements in AI, including AlphaGo, autonomous vehicles, and sophisticated recommendation systems.
Learn moreWhat is DeepSpeech?
DeepSpeech is an open-source Speech-To-Text (STT) engine that uses a model trained by machine learning techniques. It was initially developed based on Baidu's Deep Speech research paper and is now maintained by Mozilla.
Learn moreWhat is default logic?
Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. It allows for the expression of facts like "by default, something is true", which contrasts with standard logic that can only express that something is true or false.
Learn moreWhat is description logic?
Description Logic (DL) is a family of formal knowledge representation languages. It is used to represent and reason about the knowledge of an application domain. DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive than first-order logic. However, unlike first-order logic, the core reasoning problems for DLs are usually decidable, and efficient decision procedures have been designed and implemented for these problems.Description Logic (DL) is a family of formal knowledge representation languages. It is used to represent and reason about the knowledge of an application domain. DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive than first-order logic. However, unlike first-order logic, the core reasoning problems for DLs are usually decidable, and efficient decision procedures have been designed and implemented for these problems.
Learn moreWhat is a Developer Platform for LLM Applications?
A Developer Platform for LLM Applications is a platform designed to facilitate the development, deployment, and management of applications powered by Large Language Models (LLMs). It provides a suite of tools and services that streamline the process of building, training, and deploying these large language models for practical applications.
Learn moreWhat are the different types of dialogue systems?
There are many different types of dialogue systems in AI, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most popular types are rule-based systems, statistical systems, and neural networks.
Learn moreDiffusion Models
Diffusion models, also known as diffusion probabilistic models or score-based generative models, are a class of latent variable generative models used in machine learning. They consist of three major components: the forward process, the reverse process, and the sampling procedure.
Learn moreWhat is dimensionality reduction?
Dimensionality reduction is a process and technique used to decrease the number of features, or dimensions, in a dataset while preserving the most important properties of the original data. This technique is commonly used in machine learning and data analysis to simplify the modeling of complex problems, eliminate redundancy, reduce the possibility of model overfitting, and decrease computation times.
Learn moreWhat is Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)?
Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a reinforcement learning algorithm that aims to optimize the policy directly based on the preferences among trajectories, rather than relying on the reward function.
Learn moreWhat is a discrete system?
A discrete system is a system with a countable number of states. It is characterized by state changes that occur abruptly at specific, discrete points in time. This is in contrast to continuous systems, where state variables change continuously over time.
Learn moreWhat is Distributed Artificial Intelligence?
DAI is a type of artificial intelligence that is designed to mimic the decision-making process of humans. DAI systems are able to learn from experience and make decisions based on data, rather than being explicitly programmed to do so.
Learn moreWhat is Distributed Computing?
Distributed Computing is a field of computer science that involves a collection of independent computers that work together to run a single system or application. This approach enhances performance, fault tolerance, and resource sharing across networks, enabling complex tasks to be processed more efficiently than with a single computer.
Learn moreWhat is Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL)?
Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL) is a logical framework that deals with knowledge and information change. It is particularly focused on situations involving multiple agents and studies how their knowledge changes when events occur. These events can change factual properties of the actual world, known as ontic events, such as a red card being painted blue. They can also bring about changes of knowledge without changing factual properties of the world.
Learn moreWhat is eager learning?
Eager learning is a method used in artificial intelligence where the system constructs a general, input-independent target function during the training phase. This is in contrast to lazy learning, where generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system.
Learn moreWhat is the Ebert test?
The Ebert test, proposed by film critic Roger Ebert, is a measure of the humanness of a synthesized voice. Specifically, it gauges whether a computer-based synthesized voice can tell a joke with sufficient skill to cause people to laugh. This test was proposed by Ebert during his 2011 TED talk as a challenge to software developers to create a computerized voice that can master the timing, inflections, delivery, and intonations of a human speaker.
Learn moreWhat is an echo state network?
An Echo State Network (ESN) is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) that falls under the umbrella of reservoir computing. It is characterized by a sparsely connected hidden layer, often referred to as the "reservoir", where the connectivity and weights of the neurons are fixed and randomly assigned.
Learn moreWhat is Edge AI?
Edge AI, or Edge Artificial Intelligence, is the implementation of artificial intelligence in an edge computing environment. This means that AI computations are performed close to where data is collected, rather than in a centralized cloud computing facility or an offsite data center.
Learn moreEffective Accelerationism (e/acc)
Effective Accelerationism is a philosophy that advocates for the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies. It posits that accelerating the development and deployment of AI can lead to significant societal benefits.
Learn moreAccélérationisme Efficace (e/acc)
L'accélérationisme efficace est une philosophie qui préconise l'avancement rapide des technologies de l'intelligence artificielle. Elle postule que l'accélération du développement et du déploiement de l'IA peut conduire à des avantages sociétaux significatifs.
Learn moreEffective Altruism
Effective Altruism (EA) is a philosophical and social movement that applies evidence and reason to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. It encompasses a community and a research field dedicated to finding and implementing the best methods to assist others. EA is characterized by its focus on using resources efficiently to maximize positive impact, whether through career choices, charitable donations, or other actions aimed at improving the world.
Learn moreWho is Eliezer Yudkowsky?
Eliezer Shlomo Yudkowsky, born on September 11, 1979, is an American artificial intelligence (AI) researcher and writer known for his work on decision theory and ethics. He is best known for popularizing the concept of friendly artificial intelligence, which refers to AI that is designed to be beneficial to humans and not pose a threat.
Learn moreWhat is Embedding in AI?
Embedding is a technique that involves converting categorical variables into a form that can be provided to machine learning algorithms to improve model performance.
Learn moreWhat is an embodied agent?
An embodied agent in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) is an intelligent agent that interacts with its environment through a physical or virtual body. This interaction can be with a real-world environment, in the case of physically embodied agents like mobile robots, or with a digital environment, in the case of graphically embodied agents like Ananova and Microsoft Agent.
Learn moreWhat is embodied cognitive science?
Embodied cognitive science is a field that studies cognition through the lens of the body's interaction with the environment, challenging the notion of the mind as a mere information processor. It draws from the philosophical works of Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger and has evolved through computational models by cognitive scientists like Rodney Brooks and Andy Clark. This approach has given rise to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), which posits that AI should not only process information but also physically interact with the world.
Learn moreWhat is ensemble averaging?
Ensemble averaging is a machine learning technique where multiple predictive models are combined to improve the overall performance and accuracy of predictions. This approach is based on the principle that a group of models, often referred to as an ensemble, can achieve better results than any single model operating alone.
Learn moreWhat is error-driven learning?
Error-driven learning, also known as backpropagation or gradient descent, is a machine learning algorithm that adjusts the weights of a neural network based on the errors between its predicted output and the actual output. It works by iteratively calculating the gradients of the loss function with respect to each weight, then updating the weights in the opposite direction of the gradient to minimize the error. This process continues until the error is below a certain threshold or a maximum number of iterations is reached.
Learn moreWhat are the ethical implications of artificial intelligence?
The ethical implications of artificial intelligence include addressing issues such as bias and discrimination in AI systems, safeguarding privacy and data ownership, upholding human rights in decision-making processes, managing potential unemployment and economic inequality caused by automation, ensuring safety and security of AI systems, and fostering a culture of responsibility and accountability.
Learn moreWhat is an evolutionary algorithm?
An evolutionary algorithm (EA) is a type of artificial intelligence-based computational method that solves problems by mimicking biological evolution processes such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection. EAs are a subset of evolutionary computation and are considered a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm.
Learn moreWhat is evolutionary computation?
Evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that uses algorithms inspired by biological evolution to solve complex optimization problems. These algorithms, known as evolutionary algorithms, are population-based and operate through a process of trial and error. They use mechanisms such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection, which are inspired by biological evolution.
Learn moreWhat is Evolutionary Feature Selection?
Evolutionary Feature Selection is a machine learning technique that uses evolutionary algorithms to select the most relevant features for a model, optimizing performance by removing redundant or irrelevant data, thus improving accuracy and reducing computation time.
Learn moreWhat is Evolving Classification Function (ECF)?
The Evolving Classification Function (ECF) is a concept used in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is typically employed for data stream mining tasks in dynamic and changing environments. The ECF is used for classifying and clustering, which are essential tasks in data analysis and interpretation.
Learn moreWhat is existential risk from artificial general intelligence?
Existential risk from AGI encompasses the potential threats advanced AI systems could pose to human survival. Concerns include catastrophic accidents, job displacement, and species extinction if AGI surpasses human intelligence without safeguards. Researchers in AI safety are developing control mechanisms, ethical guidelines, and transparent systems to align AGI with human values and ensure it benefits humanity.
Learn moreWhat is an expert system?
An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, using a combination of rules and heuristics, to come up with a solution.
Learn moreWhat are fast-and-frugal trees?
Fast-and-frugal trees (FFTs) are decision-making models that employ a simple, graphical structure to categorize objects or make decisions by asking a series of yes/no questions sequentially. They are designed to be both fast in execution and frugal in the use of information, making them particularly useful in situations where decisions need to be made quickly and with limited data.
Learn moreWhat is feature extraction?
Feature extraction is a process in machine learning where raw data is transformed into more meaningful and useful information. It involves selecting, filtering, and reducing the dimensions of input data to identify relevant features that can be used to train machine learning models. This helps improve model performance by reducing noise and irrelevant information while highlighting important characteristics of the data.
Learn moreWhat is feature learning?
Feature learning, also known as representation learning, is a process in machine learning where a system automatically identifies the best representations or features from raw data necessary for detection or classification tasks. This approach is crucial because it replaces the need for manual feature engineering, which can be time-consuming and less effective, especially with complex data such as images, video, and sensor data.
Learn moreWhat is Feature Selection?
Feature Selection is a process in machine learning where the most relevant input variables (features) are selected for use in model construction.
Learn moreWhat is Federated Learning?
Federated Learning is a machine learning approach that allows a model to be trained across multiple devices or servers holding local data samples, without exchanging them. This privacy-preserving approach has the benefit of decentralized training, where the data doesn't need to leave the original device, enhancing data security.
Learn moreWhat is Federated Transfer Learning?
Federated Transfer Learning (FTL) is an advanced machine learning approach that combines federated learning and transfer learning to train models on decentralized data while leveraging knowledge from pre-trained models. This technique enhances privacy, reduces data centralization risks, and improves model performance, especially in scenarios where data cannot be shared due to privacy or regulatory concerns.
Learn moreZero and Few-shot Prompting
Zero-shot and few-shot prompting are techniques used in natural language processing (NLP) models to generate desired outputs without explicit training on specific tasks.
Learn moreWhat is Fine-tuning?
Fine-tuning is the process of adjusting the parameters of an already trained model to enhance its performance on a specific task. It is a crucial step in the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) as it allows the model to adapt to specific tasks or datasets.
Learn moreWhat is first-order logic?
First-order logic (FOL), also known as first-order predicate calculus or quantificational logic, is a system of formal logic that provides a way to formalize natural languages into a computable format. It is an extension of propositional logic, which is less expressive as it can only represent information as either true or false. In contrast, FOL allows the use of sentences that contain variables, enabling more complex representations and assertions of relationships among certain elements.
Learn moreFLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second)
FLOPS, or Floating Point Operations Per Second, is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. For AI models, particularly in deep learning, FLOPS is a crucial metric that quantifies the computational complexity of the model or the training process.
Learn moreWhat is fluent AI?
Fluent AI is a type of artificial intelligence that is able to understand and respond to natural language. It is designed to mimic the way humans communicate, making it easier for people to interact with computers and other devices.
Learn moreWhat is forward chaining?
Forward chaining is a type of inference engine that starts with known facts and applies rules to derive new facts. It follows a "bottom-up" approach, where it starts with the given data and works its way up to reach a conclusion. This method is commonly used in expert systems and rule-based systems.
Learn moreWhat is Forward Propagation?
Forward Propagation, also known as a forward pass, is a process in neural networks where input data is fed through the network in a forward direction to generate an output.
Learn moreFoundation Models
Foundation models are large deep learning neural networks trained on massive datasets. They serve as a starting point for data scientists to develop machine learning (ML) models for various applications more quickly and cost-effectively.
Learn moreModèles de base
Les modèles de base sont de grands réseaux neuronaux d'apprentissage profond formés sur d'énormes ensembles de données. Ils servent de point de départ pour les data scientists pour développer plus rapidement et de manière plus rentable des modèles d'apprentissage automatique (ML) pour diverses applications.
Learn moreAI Frame
A frame is a data structure that represents a "snapshot" of the world at a particular moment in time. It contains all of the information that an AI system needs to know about the world in order to make decisions.
Learn moreWhat is frame language (AI)?
In AI, a frame language is a technology used for knowledge representation. It organizes knowledge into frames, which are data structures that represent stereotyped situations or concepts, similar to classes in object-oriented programming. Each frame contains information such as properties (slots), constraints, and sometimes default values or procedural attachments for dynamic aspects. Frame languages facilitate the structuring of knowledge in a way that is conducive to reasoning and understanding by AI systems.
Learn moreWhat is the frame problem (AI)?
The frame problem in artificial intelligence (AI) is a challenge that arises when trying to use first-order logic to express facts about a system or environment, particularly in the context of representing the effects of actions. It was first defined by John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes in their 1969 article, "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence".
Learn moreWhat is friendly AI?
Friendly AI, also known as FAI, refers to the concept of designing artificial general intelligence (AGI) systems that would have a beneficial impact on humanity and align with human values and interests. The term "friendly" in this context does not imply human-like friendliness but rather an assurance that the AI's actions and goals are compatible with human well-being and ethical standards.
Learn moreFrontier AI Models
Frontier AI models represent the cutting edge of artificial intelligence technology, pushing the boundaries of what AI can achieve. These models are characterized by their advanced capabilities, often surpassing the performance of existing models in a wide range of tasks. The term "frontier AI" encompasses both foundational models and general-purpose AI (GPAI), distinguishing them from narrow AI systems that are designed for specific tasks.
Learn moreWhat is futures studies?
Futures studies, also known as futures research, futurism, or futurology, is a systematic, interdisciplinary, and holistic field of study that focuses on social, technological, economic, environmental, and political advancements and trends. The primary goal is to explore how people will live and work in the future. It is considered a branch of the social sciences and an extension of the field of history.
Learn moreWhat is a fuzzy control system?
A fuzzy control system is an artificial intelligence technique that uses fuzzy logic to make decisions and control systems. Unlike traditional control systems, which rely on precise mathematical models and algorithms, fuzzy control systems use approximate or "fuzzy" rules to make decisions based on imprecise or incomplete information.
Learn moreWhat is fuzzy logic?
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. This is in contrast to Boolean logic, where the truth values of variables may only be the integer values 0 or 1. Fuzzy logic is based on the observation that people make decisions based on imprecise and non-numerical information, and it's used to model logical reasoning with vague or imprecise statements.
Learn moreWhat is a fuzzy rule?
A fuzzy rule is essentially a guideline that helps make decisions based on vague or ambiguous information, rather than clear-cut data. It allows for a range of possibilities, reflecting the uncertainty inherent in many real-world scenarios.
Learn moreWhat is a fuzzy set?
A fuzzy set is a mathematical concept that extends the classical notion of a set. Unlike in classical sets where elements either belong or do not belong to the set, in fuzzy sets, elements have degrees of membership. This degree of membership is represented by a value between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates no membership and 1 indicates full membership. The degree of membership can take any value in between, representing partial membership. This allows for a more nuanced representation of data, particularly when dealing with imprecise or vague information.
Learn moreGAIA Benchmark (General AI Assistants)
GAIA, or General AI Assistants, is a benchmark designed to evaluate the performance of AI systems. It was introduced to push the boundaries of what we expect from AI, examining not just accuracy but the ability to navigate complex, layered queries. GAIA proposes real-world questions that require a set of fundamental abilities such as reasoning, multi-modality handling, web browsing, and generally tool-use proficiency.
Learn moreWhat is game theory?
Game theory in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) is a mathematical framework used to model and analyze the strategic interactions between different agents, where an agent can be any entity capable of making decisions, such as a computer program or a robot. In AI, game theory is particularly relevant for multi-agent systems, where multiple AI agents interact with each other, each seeking to maximize their own utility or payoff.
Learn moreGoogle Vertex AI
GCP Vertex is a managed machine learning platform that enables developers to build, deploy, and scale AI models faster and more efficiently.
Learn moreWhat is a GenAI Product Workspace?
A GenAI Product Workspace is a workspace designed to facilitate the development, deployment, and management of AI products. It provides a suite of tools and services that streamline the process of building, training, and deploying AI models for practical applications.
Learn moreWhat is General Game Playing (GGP)
GGP is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence that focuses on creating intelligent agents capable of playing games at a high level. It involves developing algorithms and models that can learn from experience, adapt to changing game environments, and make strategic decisions in order to achieve victory. GGP has applications in various domains such as robotics, virtual reality, and autonomous systems.
Learn moreWhat is a GAN?
A Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) model that consists of two competing neural networks: a generator and a discriminator. The generator's goal is to create synthetic data samples that are indistinguishable from real data, while the discriminator's goal is to accurately classify whether a given sample comes from the real or generated distribution.
Learn moreWhat is Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)?
A Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is a class of machine learning frameworks designed for generative AI. It was initially developed by Ian Goodfellow and his colleagues in June 2014. A GAN consists of two neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, that compete with each other in a zero-sum game, where one agent's gain is another agent's loss.
Learn moreWhat is generative AI?
Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence technology that can produce various types of content, including text, imagery, audio, and synthetic data. It refers to deep-learning models that can take raw data and "learn" to generate statistically similar, but not identical, outputs. This technology was introduced in the 1960s with chatbots, but it wasn't until 2014, with the introduction of generative adversarial networks, that it gained significant attention.
Learn moreGenerative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)
GPT is a type of Large Language Model (LLM) that is trained to understand the context of language and generate human-like text.
Learn moreWhat is a genetic algorithm?
A genetic algorithm is a computational method inspired by the process of natural evolution, used to solve optimization problems or generate solutions to search and optimization problems. It's an iterative process that involves three primary steps: initialization, fitness evaluation, and population update.
Learn moreWhat is a genetic operator?
A genetic operator is a function that modifies the genes of an individual in a genetic algorithm. These operators are used to create new solutions by manipulating existing ones, allowing for improved performance or problem-solving capabilities. Common genetic operators include crossover (combining parts of two parent chromosomes to form offspring), mutation (randomly altering one or more genes in an individual), and selection (choosing individuals based on fitness to participate in reproduction).
Learn moreWho is George Hotz?
George Hotz, also known by his alias geohot, is an American security hacker, entrepreneur, and software engineer born on October 2, 1989, in Glen Rock, New Jersey. He gained notoriety for being the first person to unlock the iPhone, allowing it to be used with other cellular networks, and later for reverse engineering the PlayStation 3, which led to a lawsuit from Sony.
Learn moreGGML / ML Tensor Library
GGML is a C library for machine learning, particularly focused on enabling large models and high-performance computations on commodity hardware. It was created by Georgi Gerganov and is designed to perform fast and flexible tensor operations, which are fundamental in machine learning tasks. GGML supports various quantization formats, including 16-bit float and integer quantization (4-bit, 5-bit, 8-bit, etc.), which can significantly reduce the memory footprint and computational cost of models.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que GGML?
GGML est une biblioth'eque C ax'ee sur l'apprentissage automatique, cr'e'ee par Georgi Gerganov. Elle fournit des 'el'ements fondamentaux pour l'apprentissage automatique, tels que les tenseurs, et un format binaire unique pour distribuer de grands mod'eles de langage (LLM) pour des op'erations de tenseur rapides et flexibles et des t\^aches d'apprentissage automatique.
Learn moreWhat is glowworm swarm optimization (GSO)?
Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO) is a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the luminescent behavior of glowworms, which are also known as fireflies or lightning bugs. It was developed by Krishnanand N. Kaipa and Debasish Ghose and is particularly effective for capturing multiple optima of multimodal functions.
Learn moreWhat is a Golden Dataset?
A golden dataset is a collection of data that serves as a standard for evaluating AI models. It's like a key answer sheet used to check the LLM's output for accuracy or style as you iterate on prompts and customize or fine-tune models.
Learn moreWhat is Google AI Studio?
Google AI Studio is a browser-based Integrated Development Environment (IDE) designed for prototyping with generative models. It allows developers to quickly experiment with models and different prompts. Once a developer is satisfied with their prototype, they can export it to code in their preferred programming language, powered by the Gemini API.
Learn moreGoogle Gemini Assistant (fka Google Bard)
Google Bard is an AI-powered chatbot developed by Google, designed to simulate human-like conversations using natural language processing and machine learning. It was introduced as Google's response to the success of OpenAI's ChatGPT and is part of a broader wave of generative AI tools that have been transforming digital communication and content creation.
Learn moreGoogle DeepMind
Google DeepMind is a pioneering artificial intelligence company known for its groundbreaking advancements in AI technologies. It has developed several innovative AI systems, including the renowned DeepMind AI, a learning machine capable of self-improvement over time. DeepMind Technologies is also actively involved in the development of other AI technologies such as natural language processing and computer vision.
Learn moreWhat is Google Gemini?
Google Gemini is an AI model that has been trained on video, images, and audio, making it a "natively multimodal" model capable of reasoning seamlessly across various modalities.
Learn moreGoogle Gemini Pro 1.5
Google's recent announcement of Gemini Pro 1.5 marks a significant advancement in the field of artificial intelligence. This next-generation model, part of the Gemini series, showcases dramatically enhanced performance, particularly in long-context understanding, and introduces a breakthrough in processing vast amounts of information across different modalities.
Learn moreGoogle Gemini Assistant (fka Google Bard)
Google Gemini is an AI-powered chatbot developed by Google, designed to simulate human-like conversations using natural language processing and machine learning. It was introduced as Google's response to the success of OpenAI's ChatGPT and is part of a broader wave of generative AI tools that have been transforming digital communication and content creation.
Learn moreWhat is the Google 'No Moat' Memo?
The "no moat" memo is a leaked document from a Google researcher, which suggests that Google and OpenAI lack a competitive edge or "moat" in the AI industry. The memo argues that open-source AI models are outperforming these tech giants, being faster, more customizable, more private, and more capable overallmachine learningmachine learning.
Learn moreGPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark
GPQA, or Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark, is a challenging dataset designed to evaluate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) and scalable oversight mechanisms. Introduced by researchers, GPQA comprises 448 multiple-choice questions across the domains of biology, physics, and chemistry, crafted by domain experts to ensure high quality and difficulty.
Learn moreWhat are GPTs?
OpenAI's GPTs, are a new way to create custom versions of ChatGPT for specific purposes.
Learn moreWhat is a Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM)?
A Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) is an ensemble machine learning technique that builds a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, which are typically decision trees. The method involves training these weak learners sequentially, with each one focusing on the errors of the previous ones in an effort to correct them.
Learn moreWhat is Gradient descent?
Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm widely used in machine learning and neural networks to minimize a cost function, which is a measure of error or loss in the model. The algorithm iteratively adjusts the model's parameters (such as weights and biases) to find the set of values that result in the lowest possible error.
Learn moreWhat is a graph?
A graph is a mathematical structure that consists of nodes (also called vertices) and edges connecting them. It can be used to represent relationships between objects or data points, making it useful in various fields such as computer science, social networks, and transportation systems. Graphs can be directed or undirected, weighted or unweighted, and cyclic or acyclic, depending on the nature of the connections between nodes.
Learn moreWhat is a graph database?
A graph database is a type of NoSQL database that uses graph structures to store, manage, and query related data, represented as nodes (or vertices), edges, and properties. Nodes represent entities, while edges denote the relationships between them. Properties define characteristics or attributes associated with the nodes and edges. These elements form a graph, allowing for efficient storage and retrieval of complex, interconnected datasets.
Learn moreWhat is graph theory?
Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that studies graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. In this context, a graph is made up of vertices (also known as nodes or points) which are connected by edges. The vertices represent objects, and the edges represent the relationships between these objects.
Learn moreWhat is graph traversal?
Graph traversal, also known as graph search, is a process in computer science that involves visiting each vertex in a graph. This process is categorized based on the order in which the vertices are visited.
Learn moreWhat are Graphical Models for Inference?
Graphical models for inference are a set of tools that combine probability theory and graph theory to model complex, multivariate relationships. They are used to perform inference on random variables, understand the structure of the model, and make predictions based on data.
Learn moreWhat is Grok AI?
Grok is the first technology developed by Elon Musk's new AI company, xAI. It's an AI chatbot designed to rival others like ChatGPT. Grok is modeled after "The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy" and is designed to have a bit of wit and a rebellious streak. It's intended to answer the "spicy questions" that other AI might avoid.
Learn moreWhat is Grouped Query Attention (GQA)?
Grouped Query Attention (GQA) is a technique used in large language models to speed up the inference time. It groups queries together and computes their attention jointly, reducing the computational complexity and making the model more efficient.
Learn moreAttention de requête groupée
L'Attention de requête groupée (GQA) est une technique utilisée dans les grands modèles de langage pour accélérer le temps d'inférence. Elle regroupe les requêtes ensemble et calcule leur attention conjointement, réduisant la complexité computationnelle et rendant le modèle plus efficace.
Learn moreGSM8K Benchmark
GSM8K, or Grade School Math 8K, is a dataset of 8,500 high-quality, linguistically diverse grade school math word problems. The dataset was created to support the task of question answering on basic mathematical problems that require multi-step reasoning.
Learn moreWhat is the Nvidia H100?
The Nvidia H100 is a high-performance computing device designed for data centers. It offers unprecedented performance, scalability, and security, making it a game-changer for large-scale AI and HPC workloads.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que le Nvidia H100?
Le Nvidia H100 est un appareil de calcul haute performance conçu pour les centres de données. Il offre des performances, une évolutivité et une sécurité sans précédent, ce qui en fait un élément clé pour les charges de travail AI et HPC à grande échelle.
Learn moreWhat is Hallucination (AI)?
AI hallucination is a phenomenon where large language models (LLMs), such as generative AI chatbots or computer vision tools, generate outputs that are nonsensical, unfaithful to the source content, or altogether inaccurate. These outputs are not based on the training data, are incorrectly decoded by the transformer, or do not follow any identifiable pattern.
Learn moreWhat is the halting problem?
The halting problem is a fundamental concept in computability theory. It refers to the problem of determining, from a description of an arbitrary computer program and an input, whether the program will finish running or continue to run indefinitely. This problem was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1936.
Learn moreHellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?
HellaSwag is a challenging new benchmark in AI for understanding and predicting human behavior. It involves predicting the ending of an incomplete video or text narrative, requiring a deep understanding of the world and human behavior.
Learn moreWhat is HELM?
HELM (Holistic Evaluation of Language Models) is a comprehensive benchmark that evaluates LLMs on a wide range of tasks, including text generation, translation, question answering, code generation, and commonsense reasoning.
Learn moreWhat is a heuristic?
A heuristic is a rule of thumb that helps us make decisions quickly and efficiently. In artificial intelligence, heuristics are used to help computers find solutions to problems faster than they could using traditional methods.
Learn moreWhat is Heuristic Search Optimization?
Heuristic Search Optimization refers to a family of algorithms for solving optimization problems by iteratively improving an estimate of the desired solution using heuristics, which are strategies or techniques that guide the search towards optimal solutions.
Learn moreHuman in the Loop (HITL)
Human-in-the-loop (HITL) is a blend of supervised machine learning and active learning, where humans are involved in both the training and testing stages of building an algorithm. This approach combines the strengths of AI and human intelligence, creating a continuous feedback loop that enhances the accuracy and effectiveness of the system. HITL is used in various contexts, including deep learning, AI projects, and machine learning.
Learn moreWhat is Human Intelligence?
Human Intelligence refers to the mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment. It is a complex ability influenced by various factors, including genetics, environment, culture, and education.
Learn moreHumanEval Benchmark
The HumanEval benchmark is a dataset designed to evaluate the code generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs). It consists of 164 hand-crafted programming challenges, each including a function signature, docstring, body, and several unit tests, averaging 7.7 tests per problem. These challenges assess a model's understanding of language, algorithms, and simple mathematics, and are comparable to simple software interview questions.
Learn moreWhat is a hyper-heuristic?
A hyper-heuristic is a higher-level strategy or method that helps in selecting, generating, or modifying lower-level heuristics used for solving optimization problems or search tasks. Hyper-heuristics automate the process of choosing the most appropriate low-level heuristic based on problem characteristics and constraints.
Learn moreWhat is Hyperparameter Tuning?
Hyperparameters are parameters whose values are used to control the learning process and are set before the model training begins. They are not learned from the data and can significantly impact the model's performance. Hyperparameter tuning optimizes elements like the learning rate, batch size, number of hidden layers, and activation functions in a neural network, or the maximum depth of a decision tree. The objective is to minimize the loss function, thereby enhancing the model's performance.
Learn moreWhat are hyperparameters?
Hyperparameters are the configuration settings used to structure the learning process in machine learning models. They are set prior to training a model and are not learned from the data. Unlike model parameters, which are learned during training, hyperparameters are used to control the behavior of the training algorithm and can significantly impact the performance of the model.
Learn moreWhat is the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society?
The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) is a professional society within the IEEE that focuses on computational intelligence, a collection of biologically and linguistically motivated computational paradigms. These include the theory, design, application, and development of neural networks, connectionist systems, genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, fuzzy systems, and hybrid intelligent systems.
Learn moreWhat is incremental learning (AI)?
Incremental learning in AI, also known as continual learning or online learning, is a machine learning methodology where an AI model is trained progressively to acquire new knowledge or skills while retaining previously learned information. This approach contrasts with batch learning, where models are trained on a fixed dataset all at once.
Learn moreWhat is Inference?
Model inference is a process in machine learning where a trained model is used to make predictions based on new data. This step comes after the model training phase and involves providing an input to the model which then outputs a prediction. The objective of model inference is to extract useful information from data that the model has not been trained on, effectively allowing the model to infer the outcome based on its previous learning. Model inference can be used in various fields such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing. It is a crucial part of the machine learning pipeline as it provides the actionable results from the trained algorithm.
Learn moreInference Engine
An inference engine is a component of an expert system that applies logical rules to the knowledge base to deduce new information or make decisions. It is the core of the system that performs reasoning or inference.
Learn moreWhat is information integration?
Information integration (II) is the process of merging information from heterogeneous sources with different conceptual, contextual, and typographical representations. It is a critical aspect of data management that enables organizations to consolidate data from various sources, such as databases, legacy systems, web services, and flat files, into a coherent and unified dataset. This process is essential for various applications, including data mining, data analysis, business intelligence (BI), and decision-making.
Learn moreWhat is Information Processing Language (IPL)?
Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language that was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s for artificial intelligence (AI) applications. It was one of the first high-level languages and a precursor to LISP.
Learn moreWhat is intelligence amplification?
Intelligence Amplification (IA), also referred to as cognitive augmentation or machine augmented intelligence, is the concept of using technology to enhance and support human intelligence. The idea was first proposed in the 1950s and 1960s by pioneers in the fields of cybernetics and early computing.
Learn moreWhat is an intelligence explosion?
An intelligence explosion is a theoretical scenario where an artificial intelligence (AI) surpasses human intelligence, leading to rapid technological growth beyond human control or comprehension. This concept was first proposed by statistician I. J. Good in 1965, who suggested that an ultra-intelligent machine could design even better machines, leading to an "intelligence explosion" that would leave human intelligence far behind.
Learn moreWhat is Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a measure of a person's cognitive ability compared to the population at large. It is calculated through standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence. The scores are normalized so that 100 is the average score, with a standard deviation of 15. An IQ score does not measure knowledge or wisdom, but rather the capacity to learn, reason, and solve problems.
Learn moreWhat is an intelligent agent?
An intelligent agent (IA) in the context of artificial intelligence is an autonomous entity that perceives its environment through sensors and interacts with that environment using actuators to achieve specific goals. These agents can range from simple systems like thermostats to complex ones such as autonomous vehicles or even more abstract entities like firms or states.
Learn moreWhat is intelligent control?
Intelligent control is a class of control techniques that utilize various artificial intelligence computing approaches to emulate important characteristics of human intelligence. These techniques include neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, reinforcement learning, evolutionary computation, and genetic algorithms.
Learn moreWhat is an intelligent personal assistant?
An Intelligent Personal Assistant (IPA), also known as a Virtual Assistant or AI Assistant, is a software application designed to assist users with various tasks, typically by providing information using natural language processing. These tasks, traditionally performed by human personal assistants, include reading text or email messages aloud, looking up phone numbers, scheduling, placing phone calls, and reminding the user about appointments.
Learn moreWhat is Interpretability in AI and Why Does It Matter?
Interpretability in AI refers to the extent to which a human can understand the cause of a decision made by an AI model. It is crucial for trust, compliance with regulations, and diagnosing and improving model performance. Techniques for improving interpretability include feature importance scores, visualization tools, and model-agnostic methods.
Learn moreWhat is interpretation?
Interpretation refers to the process of understanding or making sense of data, code, or a computer program's behavior. It involves translating abstract concepts into concrete terms that can be easily comprehended by humans. In software development and programming, interpretation is used in various contexts such as debugging, analyzing performance, and assessing algorithmic complexity. The goal of interpretation is to provide insights into the inner workings of a program or system, enabling developers to improve its functionality, efficiency, and reliability.
Learn moreWhat is intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is the ability of an AI system to learn and improve its performance without relying on external feedback or incentives. It is driven by internal factors such as curiosity, exploration, creativity, and self-regulation. Unlike extrinsic motivation, which involves external rewards or punishments, intrinsic motivation comes from within the AI system and can be sustained over time.
Learn moreWhat is Isolation Forest (AI)?
Isolation Forest (iForest) is an unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm that works by isolating anomalies from normal instances in a dataset based on their unique statistical properties. It builds a collection of randomized decision trees, where each tree recursively partitions the input space along randomly selected feature dimensions and split points until reaching a leaf node. Anomalous instances are expected to be isolated more quickly than normal instances due to their distinct characteristics or rarity in the dataset.
Learn moreWhat is an issue tree?
An issue tree is a graphical representation of a problem or question, broken down into its component parts or causes. It helps organize complex issues by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable components, making it easier to analyze and address each part individually.
Learn moreWhat is the Jaro-Winkler distance?
The Jaro-Winkler distance is a string metric used in computer science and statistics to measure the edit distance, or the difference, between two sequences. It's an extension of the Jaro distance metric, proposed by William E. Winkler in 1990, and is often used in the context of record linkage, data deduplication, and string matching.
Learn moreWhat is the junction tree algorithm?
The junction tree algorithm is a message-passing algorithm for inference in graphical models. It is used to find the most probable configuration of hidden variables in a graphical model, given some observed variables.
Learn moreWhat is K-means Clustering?
K-means clustering is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that aims to partition a dataset into `k` distinct clusters based on their similarity or dissimilarity with respect to certain features or attributes. The goal of k-means clustering is to minimize the total within-cluster variance, which can be achieved by iteratively updating the cluster centroids and reassigning samples to their closest centroid until convergence.
Learn moreWhat is the K-nearest neighbors algorithm?
The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a non-parametric, supervised learning method used for classification and regression tasks. It operates on the principle of similarity, predicting the label or value of a new data point by considering its K closest neighbors in the dataset. The "K" in KNN refers to the number of nearest neighbors that the algorithm considers when making its predictions.
Learn moreKardashev Gradient
The Kardashev Gradient is a concept in AI that refers to the varying levels of technological advancement and energy utilization of civilizations, as proposed by the Kardashev Scale. In the context of AI, it can be used to gauge the potential progress and impact of AI technologies.
Learn moreKardashian Scale
The Kardashian Scale, in the context of AI, refers to a humorous measurement used to gauge the level of intelligence or sophistication of an AI system. It is named after the Kardashian family, known for their popularity and perceived lack of intellectual depth, with lower scores on the scale indicating less advanced AI capabilities. While not a widely recognized metric in the field of AI, some researchers use it as a lighthearted way to illustrate the limitations and challenges of current AI technology.
Learn moreWhat is a kernel method?
Kernel methods, a generalization of support vector machines (SVM), are techniques in machine learning that estimate function values at specific points. They are widely used in various machine learning tasks such as regression, classification, and clustering.
Learn moreWhat is KL-ONE in AI?
KL-ONE is a knowledge representation system used in artificial intelligence (AI). It was developed in the early 1980s by John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes, and it's based on the formalism of description logics. KL-ONE is a frame language, which means it's in the tradition of semantic networks and frames.
Learn moreWhat is knowledge acquisition?
Knowledge acquisition refers to the process of extracting, structuring, and organizing knowledge from various sources, such as human experts, books, documents, sensors, or computer files, so that it can be used in software applications, particularly knowledge-based systems. This process is crucial for the development of expert systems, which are AI systems that emulate the decision-making abilities of a human expert in a specific domain.
Learn moreWhat is a knowledge-based system?
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a form of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. It's designed to capture the knowledge of human experts to support decision-making. The system is composed of two main components: a knowledge base and an inference engine.
Learn moreAn Overview of Knowledge Distillation Techniques
Knowledge distillation is a technique for transferring knowledge from a large, complex model to a smaller, more efficient one. This overview covers various knowledge distillation methods, their applications, and the benefits and challenges associated with implementing these techniques in AI models.
Learn moreKnowledge Engineering
Knowledge engineering in AI encompasses the acquisition, representation, and application of knowledge to solve complex problems. It underpins AI systems, including expert systems and natural language processing, by structuring knowledge in a way that machines can use.
Learn moreWhat is knowledge extraction?
Knowledge extraction is a process in artificial intelligence that involves extracting useful knowledge from raw data. This is achieved through various methods such as machine learning, natural language processing, and data mining. The extracted knowledge can be used to make predictions, generate recommendations, and enable AI applications to learn autonomously.
Learn moreWhat is KIF?
Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a formal language developed by Stanford AI Lab for representing and reasoning with knowledge in artificial intelligence (AI). It encodes knowledge in first-order logic sentences, enabling AI systems to process and reason about the information. KIF's syntax and semantics are rooted in first-order logic, providing a clear structure for the expression of knowledge and the actions that AI systems take based on that knowledge.
Learn moreWhat is knowledge representation and reasoning?
Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on creating computational models to represent and reason with human-like intelligence. The goal of KRR is to enable computers to understand, interpret, and use knowledge in the same way humans do.
Learn moreLangChain
LangChain is an open-source framework designed to simplify the creation of applications using large language models (LLMs). It provides a standard interface for chains, integrations with other tools, and end-to-end chains for common applications.
Learn moreWhat is Language Understanding in AI?
Language Understanding in AI refers to the ability of a machine to understand and interpret human language in a valuable way. It involves Natural Language Processing (NLP) and other AI techniques to enable machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language. This capability allows AI to interact with humans in a more natural and intuitive way, enabling more efficient and effective human-machine interactions.
Learn moreGuide to Large Language Models (LLMs)
Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced artificial intelligence models that employ deep learning techniques to understand, generate, and predict text.
Learn moreLarge Multimodal Models
Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), also known as Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), are advanced AI systems that can process and generate information across multiple data modalities, such as text, images, audio, and video. Unlike traditional AI models that are typically limited to a single type of data, LMMs can understand and synthesize information from various sources, providing a more comprehensive understanding of complex inputs.
Learn moreWhat is Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)?
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a generative statistical model used in natural language processing for automatically extracting topics from textual corpora. It's a form of unsupervised learning that views documents as bags of words, meaning the order of words does not matter.
Learn moreWhat is layer normalization?
Layer normalization (LayerNorm) is a technique used in deep learning to normalize the distributions of intermediate layers. It was proposed by researchers Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. The primary goal of layer normalization is to stabilize the learning process and accelerate the training of deep neural networks.
Learn moreWhat is lazy learning?
Lazy learning is a method in machine learning where the generalization of the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system. This is in contrast to eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data before receiving queries.
Learn moreWhat is Learning-to-Rank?
Learning-to-Rank is a type of machine learning algorithm used in information retrieval systems to create a model that can predict the most relevant order of a list of items, such as search engine results or product recommendations, based on features derived from the items and user queries.
Learn moreWhat is the Levenshtein distance?
The Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. It is calculated as the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other.
Learn moreWhat is linear regression?
Linear regression is a statistical model used to estimate the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It's a fundamental tool in statistics, data science, and machine learning for predictive analysis.
Learn moreWhat is Lisp (Programming Language)?
Lisp is a family of programming languages, known for its fully parenthesized prefix notation and as the second-oldest high-level programming language still in widespread use today, after Fortran. It was originally specified in 1958 by John McCarthy at MIT. The name Lisp derives from "LISt Processor," as linked lists are one of its major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists, allowing programs to manipulate source code as a data structure.
Learn moreLlama 2
Llama 2: The second iteration of Meta's open-source LLM. It's not a single model but a collection of four models, each differing in the number of parameters they contain: 7B, 13B, 34B, and 70B parameters.
Learn moreLlamaIndex
LlamaIndex, formerly known as GPT Index, is a dynamic data framework designed to seamlessly integrate custom data sources with expansive language models (LLMs). Introduced after the influential GPT launch in 2022, LlamaIndex is an advanced tool in the AI landscape that offers an approachable interface with high-level API for novices and low-level API for seasoned users, transforming how LLM-based applications are built.
Learn moreLLM App Frameworks
LLM app frameworks are libraries and tools that help developers integrate and manage AI language models in their software. They provide the necessary infrastructure to easily deploy, monitor, and scale LLM models across various platforms and applications.
Learn moreCadres d'applications LLM
Un glossaire des principaux cadres de programmation d'applications de grands modèles de langage (LLM).
Learn moreWhat is an LLM App Platform?
An LLM App Platform is a platform designed to facilitate the development, deployment, and management of applications powered by Large Language Models (LLMs). It provides a suite of tools and services that streamline the process of building, training, and deploying these large language models for practical applications.
Learn moreQu'est-ce qu'une plateforme d'application LLM?
Une plateforme d'application LLM est une plateforme conçue pour faciliter le développement, le déploiement et la gestion d'applications alimentées par de grands modèles de langage (LLM). Elle fournit un ensemble d'outils et de services qui simplifient le processus de construction, d'entraînement et de déploiement de ces grands modèles de langage pour des applications pratiques.
Learn moreWhat are LLM Apps?
LLM apps, or Large Language Model applications, are applications that leverage the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks. LLMs are a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses deep learning techniques and large datasets to understand, generate, and predict new content.
Learn moreLLM Cloud API Dependencies
LLM (Large Language Model) Cloud API dependencies refer to the various software components that a cloud-based LLM relies on to function correctly. These dependencies can include libraries, frameworks, and other software modules that the LLM uses to perform its tasks. They are crucial for the operation of the LLM, but they can also introduce potential vulnerabilities if not managed properly.
Learn moreEmerging Architectures for LLM Applications
Emerging Architectures for LLM Applications is a comprehensive guide that provides a reference architecture for the emerging LLM app stack. It shows the most common systems, tools, and design patterns used by AI startups and sophisticated tech companies.
Learn moreLLM Evaluation Guide
LLM Evaluation is a process designed to assess the performance, reliability, and effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs). It involves a suite of tools and methodologies that streamline the process of evaluating, fine-tuning, and deploying LLMs for practical applications.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que l'évaluation des LLM ?
L'évaluation des LLM est un processus conçu pour évaluer la performance, la fiabilité et l'efficacité des Modèles de Langage à Grande Échelle (LLMs). Il implique un ensemble d'outils et de méthodologies qui rationalisent le processus d'évaluation, de réglage fin et de déploiement des LLMs pour des applications pratiques.
Learn moreWhat is LLM Governance?
LLM Governance, in the context of Large Language Models, refers to the set of principles, rules, and procedures that guide the responsible use, development, and deployment of these AI models. It is crucial to ensure the quality of responses, prevent the generation of inappropriate content, and maintain ethical considerations, privacy, security, and accuracy.
Learn moreWhat is LLM Hallucination?
LLM hallucination refers to instances where an AI language model generates text that is convincingly wrong or misleading. It's like the AI is confidently presenting false information as if it were true. LLM hallucinations manifest when language models generate information that seems accurate but is in fact incorrect. These errors can be irrelevant, offering false data unrelated to the query, or nonsensical, lacking any logical coherence. They may also produce contextually incoherent responses, reducing the overall utility of the text. Recognizing these varied forms is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies.
Learn moreLLM Monitoring
LLM Monitoring is a process designed to track the performance, reliability, and effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs). It involves a suite of tools and methodologies that streamline the process of monitoring, fine-tuning, and deploying LLMs for practical applications.
Learn moreLLMOps Guide
Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps) is a specialized area within Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) dedicated to managing large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI's GPT-4, Google's Palm, and Mistral's Mixtral in production environments. LLMOps streamlines the deployment, ensures scalability, and mitigates risks associated with LLMs. It tackles the distinct challenges posed by LLMs, which leverage deep learning and vast datasets to comprehend, create, and anticipate text. The rise of LLMs has propelled the growth of businesses that develop and implement these advanced AI algorithms.
Learn moreما هو LLMOps؟
LLMOps ، أو عمليات النماذج اللغوية الكبيرة ، هي تخصص داخل مجال أوسع من MLOps (عمليات التعلم الآلي) يركز على الإدارة والتنفيذ والصيانة للنماذج اللغوية الكبيرة (LLMs). النماذج اللغوية الكبيرة هي نماذج الذكاء الاصطناعي القوية التي تستطيع إنتاج نصوص بجودة بشرية ، وترجمة اللغات ، وكتابة أنواع مختلفة من المحتوى الإبداعي ، والإجابة على الأسئلة بطريقة معلوماتية. ومع ذلك ، بسبب تعقيدها ومتطلبات الموارد ، تواجه النماذج اللغوية الكبيرة تحديات فريدة من نوعها فيما يتعلق بالعمليات.
Learn moreWhy is task automation important in LLMOps?
Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps) is a field that focuses on managing the lifecycle of large language models (LLMs). The complexity and size of these models necessitate a structured approach to manage tasks such as data preparation, model training, model deployment, and monitoring. However, performing these tasks manually can be repetitive, error-prone, and limit scalability. Automation plays a key role in addressing these challenges by streamlining LLMOps tasks and enhancing efficiency.
Learn moreWhat are real-world case studies for LLMOps?
LLMOps, or Large Language Model Operations, is a rapidly evolving discipline with practical applications across a multitude of industries and use cases. Organizations are leveraging this approach to enhance customer service, improve product development, personalize marketing campaigns, and gain insights from data. By managing the end-to-end lifecycle of Large Language Models, from data collection and model training to deployment, monitoring, and continuous optimization, LLMOps fosters continuous improvement, scalability, and adaptability of LLMs in production environments. This is instrumental in harnessing the full potential of LLMs and driving the next wave of innovation in the AI industry.
Learn more什么是LLMOps？
LLMOps，或大型语言模型操作，是MLOps（机器学习操作）更广泛领域中的专门学科，专注于管理、部署和维护大型语言模型（LLMs）。LLMs是强大的AI模型，能够生成人类质量的文本，翻译语言，编写各种创意内容，并以信息化的方式回答问题。然而，由于它们的复杂性和资源需求，LLMs在操作方面提出了独特的挑战。
Learn moreHvad er LLMOps?
LLMOps, eller Large Language Model Operations, er en specialiseret disciplin inden for det bredere felt af MLOps (Machine Learning Operations), der fokuserer på styring, implementering og vedligeholdelse af store sprogmodeller (LLMs). LLM'er er kraftfulde AI-modeller, der er i stand til at generere menneskekvalitetstekst, oversætte sprog, skrive forskellige typer kreativt indhold og besvare spørgsmål på en informativ måde. Imidlertid stiller deres kompleksitet og ressourcekrav unikke udfordringer i form af operationer.
Learn moreWhy is Data Management Crucial for LLMOps?
Data management is a critical aspect of Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). It involves the collection, cleaning, storage, and monitoring of data used in training and operating large language models. Effective data management ensures the quality, availability, and reliability of this data, which is crucial for the performance of the models. Without proper data management, models may produce inaccurate or unreliable results, hindering their effectiveness. This article explores why data management is so crucial for LLMOps and how it can be effectively implemented.
Learn moreWhat is the role of Data Quality in LLMOps?
Data quality plays a crucial role in Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). High-quality data is essential for training effective models, ensuring accurate predictions, and maintaining the reliability of AI systems. This article explores the importance of data quality in LLMOps, the challenges associated with maintaining it, and the strategies for improving data quality.
Learn moreWas ist LLMOps?
LLMOps, oder Large Language Model Operations, ist eine spezialisierte Disziplin innerhalb des breiteren Feldes der MLOps (Machine Learning Operations), die sich auf das Management, die Bereitstellung und die Wartung von großen Sprachmodellen (LLMs) konzentriert. LLMs sind leistungsstarke KI-Modelle, die in der Lage sind, menschenähnlichen Text zu erzeugen, Sprachen zu übersetzen, verschiedene Arten von kreativen Inhalten zu schreiben und Fragen auf informative Weise zu beantworten. Aufgrund ihrer Komplexität und Ressourcenanforderungen stellen LLMs jedoch einzigartige Herausforderungen in Bezug auf den Betrieb dar.
Learn moreWhat is the role of Model Deployment in LLMOps?
Model deployment is a crucial phase in Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). It involves making the trained models available for use in a production environment. This article explores the importance of model deployment in LLMOps, the challenges associated with it, and the strategies for effective model deployment.
Learn more¿Qué es LLMOps?
LLMOps, o Operaciones de Modelos de Lenguaje Grande, es una disciplina especializada dentro del campo más amplio de MLOps (Operaciones de Aprendizaje Automático) que se centra en la gestión, implementación y mantenimiento de modelos de lenguaje grande (LLMs). Los LLMs son modelos de IA poderosos capaces de generar texto de calidad humana, traducir idiomas, escribir diferentes tipos de contenido creativo y responder preguntas de manera informativa. Sin embargo, debido a su complejidad y requisitos de recursos, los LLMs plantean desafíos únicos en términos de operaciones.
Learn moreExploring Data in LLMOps
Exploring data is a fundamental aspect of Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). It involves understanding the data's structure, quality, and potential biases. This article delves into the importance of data exploration in LLMOps, the challenges it presents, and the strategies for effective data exploration.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que LLMOps?
LLMOps, ou Large Language Model Operations, est une discipline spécialisée dans le domaine plus large des MLOps (Machine Learning Operations) qui se concentre sur la gestion, le déploiement et la maintenance des grands modèles de langage (LLM). Les LLM sont des modèles d'IA puissants capables de générer du texte de qualité humaine, de traduire des langues, d'écrire différents types de contenu créatif et de répondre aux questions de manière informative. Cependant, en raison de leur complexité et de leurs exigences en matière de ressources, les LLM posent des défis uniques en termes d'opérations.
Learn moreWhat is the future of LLMOps?
Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful AI systems that can understand and generate human language. They are being used in a wide variety of applications, such as natural language processing, machine translation, and customer service. However, LLMs can be complex and challenging to manage and maintain in production. This is where LLMOps comes in.
Learn moreHow critical is infrastructure in LLMOps?
Infrastructure is the backbone of LLMOps, providing the necessary computational power and storage capacity to train, deploy, and maintain large language models efficiently. A robust and scalable infrastructure ensures that these complex models can operate effectively, handle massive datasets, and deliver real-time insights.
Learn moreCos'è LLMOps?
LLMOps, o Large Language Model Operations, è una disciplina specializzata all'interno del campo più ampio di MLOps (Machine Learning Operations) che si concentra sulla gestione, il deployment e la manutenzione di grandi modelli di linguaggio (LLM). Gli LLM sono potenti modelli di intelligenza artificiale in grado di generare testi di qualità umana, tradurre lingue, scrivere diversi tipi di contenuti creativi e rispondere a domande in modo informativo. Tuttavia, a causa della loro complessità e delle esigenze di risorse, gli LLM pongono sfide uniche in termini di operazioni.
Learn moreLLMOpsとは何ですか？
LLMOps、または大規模言語モデル操作、はMLOps（マシンラーニング操作）の広範な分野の中で、大規模言語モデル（LLMs）の管理、デプロイ、および保守に焦点を当てた専門的な分野です。 LLMは、人間のようなテキストを生成し、言語を翻訳し、さまざまな種類のクリエイティブなコンテンツを作成し、情報的な方法で質問に答える能力を持つ強力なAIモデルです。しかし、その複雑さとリソース要件のため、LLMは操作に関して独自の課題を提示します。
Learn moreLLMOps란 무엇인가요?
LLMOps, 또는 대형 언어 모델 운영,은 MLOps (머신러닝 운영)의 더 넓은 분야 내에서 대형 언어 모델 (LLMs)의 관리, 배포, 유지 관리에 초점을 맞춘 전문 분야입니다. LLMs는 인간 수준의 텍스트를 생성하고, 언어를 번역하고, 다양한 종류의 창의적인 콘텐츠를 작성하고, 정보를 제공하는 질문에 답하는 능력이 있는 강력한 AI 모델입니다. 그러나 그들의 복잡성과 자원 요구 사항으로 인해, LLMs는 운영 측면에서 독특한 도전을 제기합니다.
Learn moreWhat are the Stages of the LLMOps Lifecycle?
The LLMOps Lifecycle involves several stages that ensure the efficient management and maintenance of Large Language Models (LLMs). These AI systems, capable of understanding and generating human language, are utilized in various applications including natural language processing, machine translation, and customer service. The complexity of LLMs presents challenges in their operation, making LLMOps an essential discipline in their production lifecycle.
Learn moreWhat is the role of Model Observability in LLMOps?
Model observability is a crucial aspect of Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). It involves monitoring and understanding the behavior of models in production. This article explores the importance of model observability in LLMOps, the challenges associated with it, and the strategies for effective model observability.
Learn moreWhat is the role of Engineering Models and Pipelines in LLMOps?
Engineering models and pipelines play a crucial role in Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). Efficiently engineered models and pipelines are essential for training effective models, ensuring accurate predictions, and maintaining the reliability of AI systems. This article explores the importance of engineering models and pipelines in LLMOps, the challenges associated with maintaining them, and the strategies for improving their efficiency.
Learn moreO que é LLMOps?
LLMOps, ou Operações de Modelos de Linguagem de Grande Escala, é uma disciplina especializada dentro do campo mais amplo de MLOps (Operações de Aprendizado de Máquina) que se concentra na gestão, implantação e manutenção de modelos de linguagem de grande escala (LLMs). LLMs são modelos de IA poderosos capazes de gerar texto de qualidade humana, traduzir idiomas, escrever diferentes tipos de conteúdo criativo e responder perguntas de maneira informativa. No entanto, devido à sua complexidade e requisitos de recursos, os LLMs apresentam desafios únicos em termos de operações.
Learn moreЧто такое LLMOps?
LLMOps, или операции с большими языковыми моделями, это специализированная дисциплина в более широкой области MLOps (операции с машинным обучением), которая фокусируется на управлении, развертывании и обслуживании больших языковых моделей (LLM). LLM - это мощные модели ИИ, способные генерировать текст качества человека, переводить языки, писать различные виды творческого контента и отвечать на вопросы информативным способом. Однако из-за их сложности и требований к ресурсам, LLM представляют уникальные вызовы с точки зрения операций.
Learn moreWhy is security important for LLMOps?
Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps) refers to the processes and practices involved in deploying, managing, and scaling large language models (LLMs) in a production environment. As AI technologies become increasingly integrated into our digital infrastructure, the security of these models and their associated data has become a matter of paramount importance. Unlike traditional software, LLMs present unique security challenges, such as potential misuse, data privacy concerns, and vulnerability to attacks. Therefore, understanding and addressing these challenges is critical to safeguarding the integrity and effectiveness of LLMOps.
Learn moreVad är LLMOps?
LLMOps, eller Large Language Model Operations, är en specialiserad disciplin inom det bredare området MLOps (Machine Learning Operations) som fokuserar på hantering, distribution och underhåll av stora språkmodeller (LLMs). LLMs är kraftfulla AI-modeller som kan generera text av mänsklig kvalitet, översätta språk, skriva olika typer av kreativt innehåll och svara på frågor på ett informativt sätt. På grund av deras komplexitet och resurskrav ställer LLMs unika utmaningar när det gäller operationer.
Learn moreWhat is the role of Experiment Tracking in LLMOps?
Experiment tracking plays a crucial role in Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps). It is essential for managing and comparing different model training runs, ensuring reproducibility, and maintaining the efficiency of AI systems. This article explores the importance of experiment tracking in LLMOps, the challenges associated with it, and the strategies for effective experiment tracking.
Learn moreЩо таке LLMOps?
LLMOps, або Операції з великими моделями мови, це спеціалізована дисципліна в межах ширшого поля MLOps (Операції з машинним навчанням), яка зосереджується на управлінні, розгортанні та обслуговуванні великих моделей мови (LLM). LLM - це потужні моделі AI, здатні генерувати текст якості людини, перекладати мови, писати різні види творчого контенту та відповідати на питання інформативним способом. Однак, через їх складність та вимоги до ресурсів, LLM ставлять унікальні виклики з точки зору операцій.
Learn moreWhat is versioning in LLMOps?
Versioning in Large Language Model Operations (LLMOps) refers to the systematic process of tracking and managing different versions of Large Language Models (LLMs) throughout their lifecycle. As LLMs evolve and improve, it becomes crucial to maintain a history of these changes. This practice enhances reproducibility, allowing for specific models and their performance to be recreated at a later point. It also ensures traceability by documenting changes made to LLMs, which aids in understanding their evolution and impact. Furthermore, versioning facilitates optimization in the LLMOps process by enabling the comparison of different model versions and the selection of the most effective one for deployment.
Learn morePretraining LLMs
Pretraining is the foundational step in developing large language models (LLMs), where the model is trained on a vast and diverse dataset, typically sourced from the internet. This extensive training equips the model with a comprehensive grasp of language, encompassing grammar, world knowledge, and rudimentary reasoning. The objective is to create a model capable of generating coherent and contextually appropriate text.
Learn moreLLM Sleeper Agents
The paper "Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMS That Persist Through Safety Training" explores the potential for large language models (LLMs) to learn and retain deceptive behaviors even after undergoing safety training methods like reinforcement learning (RL), supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and adversarial training.
Learn moreWhat is logic programming?
Logic programming is a programming paradigm that is based on formal logic. It is used for knowledge representation and reasoning in databases and AI applications. A program, database, or knowledge base in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about a problem domain.
Learn moreLogistic Regression
Logistic regression is a statistical analysis method used to predict a binary outcome based on prior observations of a dataset. It estimates the probability of an event occurring, such as voting or not voting, based on a given dataset of independent variables. The method tests different values of beta through multiple iterations to optimize for the best fit. All of these iterations produce the log likelihood function, and logistic regression seeks to maximize this function to find the best parameter estimate.
Learn moreWhat is long short-term memory (LSTM)?
In artificial intelligence, long short-term memory (LSTM) is a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture that is used in the field of deep learning. LSTM networks are well-suited to classifying, processing and making predictions based on time series data, since they can remember previous information in long-term memory.
Learn moreWhat is machine learning?
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that deals with the design and development of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. These algorithms are able to automatically improve given more data.
Learn moreWhat is machine listening?
Machine listening, also known as audio signal processing or computational auditory scene analysis, refers to the use of computer algorithms and models to analyze and extract information from audio signals. This field has applications in various areas such as speech recognition, music information retrieval, noise reduction, and biomedical engineering.
Learn moreWhat is machine perception?
Machine perception is the capability of a computer system to interpret and process sensory data in a manner similar to how humans use their senses to relate to the world around them. This involves the use of sensors that mimic human senses such as sight, sound, touch, and even smell and taste. The goal of machine perception is to enable machines to identify objects, people, and events in their environment, and to react to this information in a way that is similar to human perception.
Learn moreWhat is machine vision?
Machine vision, also known as computer vision or artificial vision, refers to the ability of a computer system to interpret and understand visual information from the world around it. It involves processing digital images or video data through algorithms and statistical models to extract meaningful information and make decisions based on that information. Applications of machine vision include object recognition, facial recognition, medical image analysis, and autonomous vehicles.
Learn moreWhat is a Markov chain?
A Markov chain is a stochastic model that describes a sequence of possible events, where the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. This characteristic is often referred to as "memorylessness" or the Markov property, meaning the future state of the process depends only on the current state and not on how the process arrived at its current state.
Learn moreMarkov decision process (MDP)
A Markov decision process (MDP) is a mathematical framework used for modeling decision-making in situations where outcomes are partly random and partly under the control of a decision-maker. MDPs are an extension of Markov chains, which are models for stochastic processes without decision-making. The key difference in MDPs is the addition of actions and rewards, which introduce the concepts of choice and motivation, respectively.
Learn moreMathemical Optimization Methods
Mathematical optimization, or mathematical programming, seeks the optimal solution from a set of alternatives, categorized into discrete or continuous optimization. It involves either minimizing or maximizing scalar functions, where the goal is to find the variable values that yield the lowest or highest function value.
Learn moreLLM Stack Layers & Performance Optimization
Optimize your LLM performance by employing model optimization techniques like pruning, quantization, and distillation; reducing inference time through batch processing and memory optimization; and enhancing retrieval with prompt engineering. Fine-tune model parameters, leverage hardware accelerators, and utilize specialized libraries for tailored performance improvements. Continuous evaluation and iterative refinement are crucial for maintaining optimal LLM efficiency in production environments.
Learn moreWhat is Mechanism Design (AI)?
Mechanism design is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on designing systems to achieve specific goals in situations where there are multiple agents or parties involved, each with their own interests and incentives. It involves creating rules, contracts, or mechanisms that can align the actions of these agents and lead to efficient outcomes for all parties.
Learn moreWhat is mechatronics?
Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that synergistically combines elements of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer science, and control engineering. The term was coined in 1969 by Tetsuro Mori, an engineer at Yaskawa Electric Corporation, and has since evolved to encompass a broader range of disciplines, including systems engineering and programming.
Learn moreWhat are Memory-Augmented Neural Networks (MANNs)?
Memory-Augmented Neural Networks (MANNs) are a class of artificial neural networks that incorporate an external memory component, enabling them to handle complex tasks involving long-term dependencies and data storage beyond the capacity of traditional neural networks.
Learn moreHow is AI used in metabolic network reconstruction and simulation?
Metabolic network reconstruction involves compiling information about all the biochemical reactions that occur in an organism to create a comprehensive map of its metabolic pathways. This process typically integrates data from various sources, such as genomic and biochemical databases.
Learn moreWhat are metaheuristics?
Metaheuristics are high-level procedures or heuristics designed to find, generate, tune, or select heuristics (partial search algorithms) that provide sufficiently good solutions to optimization problems, particularly when dealing with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity. They are used to sample a subset of solutions from a set that is too large to be completely enumerated and are particularly useful for optimization problems.
Learn moreWhat is the METEOR Score (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering)?
The METEOR score is a metric used to evaluate machine translation by comparing it to human translations. It takes into account both the accuracy and fluency of the translation, as well as the order in which words appear. The METEOR score ranges from 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating better translation quality.
Learn moreWhat is Mistral 7B?
Mistral 7B is a 7.3 billion parameter language model that represents a significant advancement in large language model capabilities. It outperforms the 13 billion parameter Llama 2 model on all tasks and surpasses the 34 billion parameter Llama 1 on many benchmarks. Mistral 7B is designed for both English language tasks and coding tasks, making it a versatile tool for a wide range of applications.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que Mistral 7B?
Mistral 7B est un modèle de langage de 7,3 milliards de paramètres qui représente une avancée significative dans les capacités des grands modèles de langage. Il surpasse le modèle Llama 2 de 13 milliards de paramètres sur toutes les tâches et dépasse le modèle Llama 1 de 34 milliards de paramètres sur de nombreux benchmarks. Mistral 7B est conçu pour les tâches en langue anglaise et les tâches de codage, ce qui en fait un outil polyvalent pour une large gamme d'applications.
Learn moreMistral "Mixtral" 8x7B 32k
The Mistral "Mixtral" 8x7B 32k model is an 8-expert Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, using a sliding window beyond 32K parameters. This model is designed for high performance and efficiency, surpassing the 13B Llama 2 in all benchmarks and outperforming the 34B Llama 1 in reasoning, math, and code generation. It uses grouped-query attention for quick inference and sliding window attention for Mistral 7B — Instruct, fine-tuned for following directions.
Learn moreMistral Large
An in-depth exploration of Mistral Large, a state-of-the-art large language model by Mistral AI, showcasing its capabilities in multilingual understanding, complex reasoning, and advanced text generation.
Learn moreWhat is the Mistral Platform?
The Mistral platform is an early access generative AI platform developed by Mistral AI, the European (via Paris) provider of artificial intelligence models and solutions. The platform serves open and optimized models for generation and embeddings, with a focus on making AI models compute efficient, helpful, and trustworthy.
Learn moreWhat is Mixture of Experts?
Mixture of Experts (MOE) is a machine learning technique that involves training multiple models, each becoming an "expert" on a portion of the input space. It is a form of ensemble learning where the outputs of multiple models are combined, often leading to improved performance.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que le Mélange d'Experts?
Le Mélange d'Experts (MoE) est une technique d'apprentissage automatique qui implique la formation de plusieurs modèles, chacun devenant un "expert" sur une partie de l'espace d'entrée. C'est une forme d'apprentissage en ensemble où les sorties de plusieurs modèles sont combinées, ce qui conduit souvent à une amélioration des performances.
Learn moreML Ops: Best Practices for Maintaining and Monitoring LLMs in Production
ML Ops, or Machine Learning Operations, refers to the practice of managing and orchestrating machine learning models in production environments. This includes maintaining and monitoring Large Language Models (LLMs) to ensure optimal performance and reliability.
Learn moreMMLU Benchmark (Massive Multi-task Language Understanding)
The MMLU Benchmark, or Massive Multi-task Language Understanding, is an LLM evaluation test dataset split into a few-shot development set, a 1540-question validation set, and a 14079-question test set that measures text models' multitask accuracy across 57 tasks like math, history, law, and computer science in zero-shot and few-shot settings to evaluate their world knowledge, problem-solving skills, and limitations.
Learn moreMMMU: Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark
The MMMU benchmark, which stands for Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning, is a new benchmark designed to evaluate the capabilities of multimodal models on tasks that require college-level subject knowledge and expert-level reasoning across multiple disciplines. It covers six core disciplines: Art & Design, Business, Health & Medicine, Science, Humanities & Social Science, and Technology & Engineering, and includes over 183 subfields. The benchmark includes a variety of image formats such as diagrams, tables, charts, chemical structures, photographs, paintings, geometric shapes, and musical scores, among others.
Learn moreWhat is model checking?
Model checking verifies a system's model correctness. It uses a transition system model and checks if it satisfies certain properties. These properties can be safety properties, ensuring nothing harmful occurs, or liveness properties, guaranteeing a beneficial outcome eventually.
Learn moreWhat is Model Explainability in AI?
Model Explainability in AI refers to the methods and techniques used to understand and interpret the decisions, predictions, or actions made by artificial intelligence models, particularly in complex models like deep learning. It aims to make AI decisions transparent, understandable, and trustworthy for humans.
Learn moreWhat is Monte Carlo tree search?
Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) is an intelligent search algorithm that combines elements of random sampling, simulation, and tree exploration to efficiently explore a large decision space. It has been widely used in games like Go, chess, and poker, as well as other complex domains where traditional search methods may be too slow or computationally expensive.
Learn moreMT-Bench (Multi-turn Benchmark)
MT Bench is a challenging multi-turn benchmark that measures the ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage in coherent, informative, and engaging conversations. It is designed to assess the conversation flow and instruction-following capabilities of LLMs, making it a valuable tool for evaluating their performance in understanding and responding to user queries.
Learn moreMTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark
The Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) is a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate the performance of text embedding models across a wide range of tasks and datasets. It was introduced to address the issue that text embeddings were commonly evaluated on a limited set of datasets from a single task, making it difficult to track progress in the field and to understand whether state-of-the-art embeddings on one task would generalize to others.
Learn moreWhat is Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL)?
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a branch of machine learning where multiple agents learn to make decisions by interacting with an environment and each other. It extends the single-agent reinforcement learning paradigm to scenarios involving multiple decision-makers, each with their own objectives, which can lead to complex dynamics such as cooperation, competition, and negotiation.
Learn moreWhat is a multi-agent system?
A multi-agent system (MAS) is a core area of research in contemporary artificial intelligence. It consists of multiple decision-making agents that interact in a shared environment to achieve common or conflicting goals. These agents can be AI models, software programs, robots, or other computational entities. They can also include humans or human teams.
Learn moreWhat is Multi-document Summarization?
Multi-document summarization is an automatic procedure aimed at extracting information from multiple texts written about the same topic. The goal is to create a summary report that allows users to quickly familiarize themselves with the information contained in a large cluster of documents. This process is particularly useful in situations where there is an overwhelming amount of related or overlapping documents, such as various news articles reporting the same event, multiple reviews of a product, or pages of search results in search engines.
Learn moreWhat is multi-swarm optimization?
Multi-swarm optimization is a variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO), a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively improving a candidate solution. This method is inspired by the behavior of natural swarms, such as flocks of birds or schools of fish, where each individual follows simple rules that result in the collective behavior of the group.
Learn moreWhat Are Multi-Task Learning Models in AI?
Multi-Task Learning Models in AI are designed to handle multiple learning tasks simultaneously, leveraging commonalities and differences across tasks to improve the performance of all tasks. They are used in various domains like natural language processing, computer vision, and speech recognition.
Learn moreWhat is Multimodal (ML)?
Multimodal machine learning integrates various data modalities—such as text, images, audio, and video—to create models that mirror human sensory perception. By processing and correlating information across these modalities, these models achieve a holistic data understanding, leading to enhanced accuracy and robustness in tasks like speech recognition, image captioning, sentiment analysis, and biometric identification.
Learn moreWhat is Mycin?
Mycin is an early AI program developed in the 1970s by Edward Shortliffe and his team at Stanford University. It was designed to help diagnose and treat bacterial infections, particularly meningitis, by using a rule-based system that analyzed patient symptoms and medical history to suggest appropriate antibiotic treatments. Mycin was one of the first successful applications of AI in medicine and paved the way for further developments in the field.
Learn moreWhat is an N-gram?
An N-gram is a contiguous sequence of 'n' items from a given sample of text or speech. The items can be phonemes, syllables, letters, words, or base pairs, depending on the application. For instance, in the domain of text analysis, if 'n' is 1, we call it a unigram; if 'n' is 2, it is a bigram; if 'n' is 3, it is a trigram, and so on.
Learn moreWhat is a naive Bayes classifier?
The naive Bayes classifier, a machine learning algorithm, leverages Bayes theorem to predict an object's class from its features. As a supervised learning model, it requires a training dataset to determine class probabilities, which it then applies to classify new instances. Despite its simplicity, this classifier excels in text classification, including spam detection.
Learn moreWhat is naive semantics?
Naive semantics is a simplified approach to understanding the meaning or context of words or phrases based on their surface form, without considering any deeper linguistic or conceptual relationships.
Learn moreWhat is name binding?
Name binding, particularly in programming languages, refers to the association of entities (data and/or code) with identifiers. An identifier bound to an object is said to reference that object. This concept is closely related to scoping, as scope determines which names bind to which objects at which locations in the program code.
Learn moreWhat is named-entity recognition (NER)?
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a method in Natural Language Processing (NLP) that identifies and categorizes key information in text, known as named entities. These entities can include names of people, organizations, locations, events, dates, and specific quantitative values such as money and percentages
Learn moreWhat is a named graph (AI)?
A Named Graph is a foundational structure in semantic web technologies that allows individual Resource Description Framework (RDF) graphs to be identified distinctly. It's a key concept of Semantic Web architecture in which a set of RDF statements (a graph) are identified using a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
Learn moreWhat is natural language generation?
Natural Language Generation (NLG) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that transforms structured and unstructured data into natural written or spoken language. It's a software process that enables computers to communicate with users in a human-like manner, enhancing the interactions between humans and machines.
Learn moreNatural language processing (NLP)?
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that deals with the interaction between computers and human (natural) languages.
Learn moreWhat is natural language programming?
Natural Language Programming (NLP) is an ontology-assisted method of programming that uses natural language, such as English, to create a structured document that serves as a computer program. This approach is designed to be human-readable and can also be interpreted by a suitable machine.
Learn moreWhat is natural language understanding (NLU)?
Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) and a component of natural language processing (NLP) that focuses on machine reading comprehension. It involves the interpretation and generation of human language by machines. NLU systems are designed to understand the meaning of words, phrases, and the context in which they are used, rather than just processing individual words.
Learn moreNeedle In A Haystack Eval
The "Needle In A Haystack - Pressure Testing LLMs" is a methodology designed to evaluate the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in retrieving specific information from extensive texts. This approach tests an LLM's ability to accurately and efficiently extract a particular fact or statement (the "needle") that has been placed within a much larger body of text (the "haystack"). The primary objective is to measure the model's accuracy across various context lengths, thereby assessing its capability in handling long-context information retrieval tasks.
Learn moreWhat is a network motif?
A network motif is a recurring, statistically significant subgraph or pattern within a larger network graph. These motifs are found in various types of networks, including biological, social, and technological systems. They are considered to be the building blocks of complex networks, appearing more frequently than would be expected in random networks. Network motifs can serve as elementary circuits with defined functions, such as filters, pulse generators, or response accelerators, and are thought to be simple and robust solutions that have been favored by evolution for their efficiency and reliability in performing certain information processing tasks.
Learn moreWhat is Neural Architecture Search (NAS)?
Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is an area of artificial intelligence that focuses on automating the design of artificial neural networks. It uses machine learning to find the best architecture for a neural network, optimizing for performance metrics such as accuracy, efficiency, and speed.
Learn moreWhat is neural machine translation?
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a state-of-the-art machine translation approach that uses artificial neural network techniques to predict the likelihood of a sequence of words. This can be a text fragment, a complete sentence, or even an entire document with the latest advances. NMT is a form of end-to-end learning that can be used to automatically produce translations.
Learn moreWhat is a neural Turing machine?
A neural Turing machine (NTM) is a neural network architecture that can learn to perform complex tasks by reading and writing to an external memory. The NTM is a generalization of the long short-term memory (LSTM) network, which is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN).
Learn moreWhat is neuro-fuzzy?
Neuro-fuzzy refers to the combination of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic in the field of artificial intelligence. This hybridization results in a system that incorporates human-like reasoning, and is often referred to as a fuzzy neural network (FNN) or neuro-fuzzy system (NFS).
Learn moreWhat is neurocybernetics?
Neurocybernetics is an interdisciplinary field combining neuroscience, cybernetics, and computer science. It focuses on understanding the control mechanisms of the brain and nervous system and applying these principles to the design of intelligent systems and networks.
Learn moreWhat is neuromorphic engineering?
Neuromorphic engineering is a new field of AI that is inspired by the way the brain works. This type of AI is designed to mimic the way the brain processes information, making it more efficient and effective than traditional AI.
Learn moreWhat is a node in AI?
A node is a fundamental component in many artificial intelligence (AI) systems, particularly those involving graphs or tree structures. In these contexts, a node represents a specific data point or element that can be connected to other nodes via edges or links.
Learn moreWhat is a non-deterministic algorithm?
A non-deterministic algorithm is an abstract computation model in which, at each step, there are multiple possible actions to choose from. This means that for any given input, there may be several different outputs depending on the choices made during execution of the algorithm. Unlike a deterministic algorithm, where only one output is produced, a non-deterministic algorithm produces all possible outputs simultaneously. In practice, a non-deterministic algorithm is often simulated using a randomized algorithm or a backtracking search.
Learn moreWhat is the Norvig model?
The Norvig model refers to the philosophy and approach to machine learning proposed by Peter Norvig, a renowned figure in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This approach emphasizes the importance of data and statistical analysis in the development of machine learning models.
Learn moreNP (Complexity)
In computational complexity theory, NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) is a class of problems for which a solution can be verified in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine. NP includes all problems that can be solved in polynomial time, but it is not known whether all problems in NP can be solved in polynomial time. The most famous problem in NP is the P vs NP problem, which asks whether every problem for which a solution can be verified in polynomial time can also be solved in polynomial time.
Learn moreWhat is NP-completeness?
NP-completeness is a way of describing certain complex problems that, while easy to check if a solution is correct, are believed to be extremely hard to solve. It's like a really tough puzzle that takes a long time to solve, but once you've found the solution, it's quick to verify that it's right.
Learn moreNP-hard: What is the definition of NP-hardness?
NP-hardness, in computer science, refers to a category of problems that are, at minimum, as challenging as the toughest problems in NP. These problems, informally considered "difficult to solve" with standard algorithms, belong to a class where solutions can be confirmed in polynomial time.
Learn moreOccam's Razor
In AI, Occam's Razor is a principle favoring simplicity, suggesting that the simplest model or explanation is often the most accurate. This principle is commonly used in machine learning to choose between different models, typically favoring the simplest one.
Learn moreWhat is offline learning in AI?
Offline learning, also known as batch learning, is a machine learning approach where the model is trained using a finite, static dataset. In this paradigm, all the data is collected first, and then the model is trained over this complete dataset in one or several passes. The parameters of the model are updated after the learning process has been completed over the entire dataset.
Learn moreOllama: Easily run LLMs locally
Ollama is a streamlined tool for running open-source LLMs locally, including Mistral and Llama 2. Ollama bundles model weights, configurations, and datasets into a unified package managed by a Modelfile. It supports a variety of AI models including LLaMA-2, uncensored LLaMA, CodeLLaMA, Falcon, Mistral, Vicuna model, WizardCoder, and Wizard uncensored. It is currently compatible with MacOS and Linux, with Windows support expected to be available soon.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que Ollama?
Ollama est un outil convivial conçu pour exécuter des modèles de langage de grande taille (LLM) localement sur un ordinateur. Il prend en charge une variété de modèles d'IA, y compris LLaMA-2, LLaMA non censuré, CodeLLaMA, Falcon, Mistral, le modèle Vicuna, WizardCoder et Wizard non censuré. Il est actuellement compatible avec MacOS et Linux, avec un support pour Windows prévu prochainement.
Learn moreWhat is online machine learning?
Online machine learning is a process where machines are able to learn and improve on their own, without human intervention. This is done by feeding the machine data, which it can then use to improve its performance. The benefits of online machine learning include the ability to learn at a much faster pace than traditional methods, and the ability to learn from a wider variety of data sources.
Learn moreWhat is ontology learning?
Ontology learning refers to the process of automatically extracting and constructing knowledge structures or models from unstructured or semi-structured data sources such as text, speech, images, or sensor measurements. These knowledge structures typically take the form of annotated taxonomies, concept hierarchies, or domain-specific ontologies that capture various aspects of the underlying domain or subject matter.
Learn moreWhat is Open Mind Common Sense?
Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS) is an artificial intelligence project that was based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab. The project was active from 1999 to 2016 and aimed to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people.
Learn moreWhat is open-source software (OSS)?
Open-source software (OSS) refers to software that is freely accessible by the public, and whose source code is openly shared or available for modification. It allows developers and users to access, use, study, change, distribute, and improve its functionality without any restrictions. This approach promotes collaboration, innovation, and transparency, as it encourages developers to contribute to the development and improvement of software by sharing their knowledge and expertise with others. Some popular examples of OSS include operating systems like Linux, web browsers such as Firefox and Chrome, and programming languages like Python and Ruby.
Learn moreWhat is OpenAI?
OpenAI is a research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence in which machines act rationally. The company is supported by co-founders Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, and Sam Altman. OpenAI was founded in December 2015, and has since been involved in the development of artificial intelligence technologies and applications.
Learn moreWhat is OpenAI DALL-E?
OpenAI's DALL-E is a series of generative AI models capable of creating digital images from natural language descriptions, known as "prompts." The models, including DALL-E, DALL-E 2, and the latest DALL-E 3, use deep learning methodologies to generate a wide range of images, from realistic to surreal, based on the text input they receive.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que OpenAI?
OpenAI est une entreprise de recherche qui promeut une intelligence artificielle amicale dans laquelle les machines agissent de manière rationnelle. L'entreprise est soutenue par les co-fondateurs Elon Musk, Greg Brockman et Reid Hoffman. OpenAI a été fondée en décembre 2015 et a depuis participé au développement de technologies et d'applications d'intelligence artificielle.
Learn moreOpenAI GPT-4 Turbo
GPT-4 Turbo is the latest and more powerful version of OpenAI's generative AI model, announced in November 2023. It provides answers with context up to April 2023, whereas prior versions were cut off at January 2022. GPT-4 Turbo has an expanded context window of 128k tokens, allowing it to process over 300 pages of text in a single prompt. This makes it capable of handling more complex tasks and longer conversations.
Learn moreBreaking News: OpenAI GPT-4.5 Leak?
The OpenAI GPT-4.5 leak refers to the unauthorized release of information about the GPT-4.5 model, an intermediate version between GPT-4 and GPT-5 developed by OpenAI. This leak has sparked discussions about the capabilities of the new model and the implications for the field of artificial intelligence.
Learn moreOpenAI GPT-4.5 Turbo
GPT-4.5 Turbo is the latest and more powerful version of OpenAI's generative AI model, announced in November 2023. It provides answers with context up to April 2023, whereas prior versions were cut off at January 2022. GPT-4.5 Turbo has an expanded context window of 256k tokens, allowing it to process over 600 pages of text in a single prompt. This makes it capable of handling more complex tasks and longer conversations.
Learn moreBreaking News: OpenAI GPT-5
OpenAI GPT-5 is the fifth iteration of the Generative Pretrained Transformer models developed by OpenAI. While its development is not officially confirmed, it is expected to be a more advanced and powerful version of its predecessor, GPT-4. The model is anticipated to have improved language understanding and generation capabilities, potentially revolutionizing various industries and applications.
Learn moreOpenAI GPT-3 Model
GPT-3, developed by OpenAI in 2020, was a landmark in the evolution of language models with its 175 billion parameters. As the third iteration in the GPT series, it significantly advances the field of natural language processing. GPT-3 excels in generating coherent, context-aware text, making it a versatile tool for applications ranging from content creation to advanced coding assistants. Its introduction has not only pushed the envelope in machine learning research but also sparked important conversations about the ethical use of AI. The model's influence is profound, shaping perspectives on AI's societal roles and the future of human-machine collaboration.
Learn moreOpenAI responds to the New York Times
OpenAI has publicly responded to a copyright infringement lawsuit filed by The New York Times (NYT), claiming that the lawsuit is without merit. The lawsuit, which was filed in late December 2023, accuses OpenAI and Microsoft of using the NYT's copyrighted articles without proper permission to train their generative AI models, which the NYT contends constitutes direct copyright infringement.
Learn moreWhat is OpenAI Whisper?
OpenAI Whisper is an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. It is designed to convert spoken language into written text, making it a valuable tool for transcribing audio files. Whisper is trained on a massive dataset of 680,000 hours of multilingual and multitask supervised data collected from the web.
Learn moreWhat is OpenCog?
OpenCog is an artificial intelligence project aimed at creating a cognitive architecture, a machine intelligence framework and toolkit that can be used to build intelligent agents and robots. The project is being developed by the OpenCog Foundation, a non-profit organization.
Learn moreWhat is partial order reduction?
Partial Order Reduction (POR) is a technique used in computer science to reduce the size of the state-space that needs to be searched by a model checking or automated planning and scheduling algorithm. This reduction is achieved by exploiting the commutativity of concurrently executed transitions that result in the same state.
Learn moreWhat is a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)?
A Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is a mathematical framework used to model sequential decision-making processes under uncertainty. It is a generalization of a Markov Decision Process (MDP), where the agent cannot directly observe the underlying state of the system. Instead, it must maintain a sensor model, which is the probability distribution of different observations given the current state.
Learn moreWhat is particle swarm optimization?
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. It is a population-based stochastic optimization technique developed by Dr. Eberhart and Dr. Kennedy in 1995, inspired by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling.
Learn moreWhat are pathfinding algorithms?
Pathfinding algorithms are used to find the shortest, fastest, or most efficient route between two points in a graph or map. They typically involve traversing the graph by following edges and updating node-to-node distance estimates as new information is discovered. Some common pathfinding algorithms include Dijkstra's algorithm, A* search algorithm, breadth-first search (BFS), depth-first search (DFS), and greedy best-first search (GBFS).
Learn moreWhat are some common methods for pattern recognition in AI?
Pattern recognition, also known as machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI), is a branch of computer science that focuses on developing algorithms and techniques for automatically identifying and extracting meaningful patterns from large datasets. These patterns can represent various types of information such as images, sounds, text, sensor measurements, or user behavior data.
Learn morePaul Cohen
Paul Cohen was an American mathematician best known for his groundbreaking work in set theory, particularly the Continuum Hypothesis. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966.
Learn moreWhat is a Perceptron?
A perceptron, also known as a McCulloch-Pitts neuron, is a type of artificial neuron and the simplest form of a neural network. It was invented in 1943 by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, with the first hardware implementation, the Mark I Perceptron machine, built in 1957.
Learn moreWhat is Perl?
Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted programming language that was developed by Larry Wall in 1987. It was originally designed for text manipulation but has since evolved to be used for a wide range of tasks including system administration, web development, network programming, and more.
Learn morePerplexity in AI and NLP
Perplexity is a measure used in natural language processing and machine learning to evaluate the performance of language models. It measures how well the model predicts the next word or character based on the context provided by the previous words or characters. The lower the perplexity score, the better the model's ability to predict the next word or character.
Learn moreWhat is Perplexity.ai?
Perplexity AI is a technology company that provides a platform for information discovery and sharing. It leverages the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to deliver credible, up-to-date answers to users' queries. The company offers a mobile application, available on both Android and iOS platforms, that allows users to ask anything and get straight to credible, up-to-date answers. The app syncs across devices and uses AI technologies like OpenAI's GPT-4 and Anthropic's Claude 2. It features a Perplexity Copilot for guided AI search, voice or text input, thread follow-up for deeper understanding, cited sources for every answer, and a library for curating discoveries.
Learn moreWhat is a Philosophical Zombie?
A philosophical zombie or p-zombie in the philosophy of mind and perception is a hypothetical being that is indistinguishable from a normal human being except in that it lacks conscious experience, qualia, or sentience. When a zombie is poked with a sharp object, for example, it does not feel any pain though it behaves exactly as if it does feel pain.
Learn moreLLM Playground
An LLM (Large Language Model) playground is a platform where developers can experiment with, test, and deploy prompts for large language models. These models, such as GPT-4 or Claude, are designed to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Learn moreTerrain de jeu LLM
Un terrain de jeu LLM (Large Language Model) est une plateforme où les développeurs peuvent expérimenter, tester et déployer des invites pour de grands modèles de langage. Ces modèles, tels que GPT-4 ou Claude, sont conçus pour comprendre, interpréter et générer le langage humain.
Learn moreWhat is Precision-Recall curve (PR AUC)?
The Precision-Recall (PR) curve is a graphical representation of a classifier's performance, plotted with Precision (Positive Predictive Value) on the y-axis and Recall (True Positive Rate or Sensitivity) on the x-axis. Precision is defined as the ratio of true positives (TP) to the sum of true positives and false positives (FP), while Recall is the ratio of true positives to the sum of true positives and false negatives (FN).
Learn moreWhat is predicate logic?
Predicate logic, also known as first-order logic or quantified logic, is a formal language used to express propositions in terms of predicates, variables, and quantifiers. It extends propositional logic by replacing propositional letters with a more complex notion of proposition involving predicates and quantifiers.
Learn moreWhat is a prediction model?
A prediction model, also known as predictive modeling, is a statistical technique used to forecast future behavior, events, or outcomes. It involves analyzing historical and current data, and then using this analysis to generate a model that can predict future outcomes.
Learn moreWhat is predictive analytics?
Predictive analytics is a branch of data science that focuses on using historical data to predict future events or trends. It involves developing statistical models and machine learning algorithms that can analyze large amounts of data to identify patterns and make accurate predictions about outcomes. These predictions can be used for various purposes, such as making informed decisions in business, improving customer experience, identifying fraud, and optimizing resource allocation.
Learn moreWhat is Principal Component Analysis (PCA)?
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique that transforms high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space while preserving as much information about the original data as possible. PCA works by finding the principal components, which are linear combinations of the original variables that maximize the variance in the transformed data.
Learn moreWhat is the principle of rationality?
The principle of rationality is the idea that an agent should make decisions based on logical reasoning, evidence, and its goals or objectives, rather than on emotions, personal biases, or random behavior. This means that an AI system should evaluate different options objectively, assess their likelihood of success in achieving the desired outcome, and consider potential risks and benefits before making a choice. In other words, the principle of rationality is about being guided by reason and critical thinking in decision-making processes for AI agents.
Learn moreWhat is probabilistic programming?
Probabilistic programming is a programming paradigm designed to handle uncertainty by specifying probabilistic models and automating the process of inference within these models. It integrates traditional programming with probabilistic modeling, allowing for the creation of systems that can make decisions in uncertain environments. This paradigm is particularly useful in fields such as machine learning, where it can simplify complex statistical programming tasks that would traditionally require extensive code.
Learn moreWhat is a production system?
Production systems in artificial intelligence (AI) consist of rules that guide the creation of programs capable of problem-solving. These systems are structured around production rules, each with a condition and corresponding action. When a condition is met, the action is executed, allowing the system to progress towards a solution.
Learn moreWhat is the best programming language for AI development?
Python is widely regarded as the best programming language for AI development due to its simplicity, readability, and extensive libraries and frameworks that support machine learning and deep learning. Its syntax is easy to learn, making it accessible to beginners, while also being powerful enough for complex applications. Some popular AI libraries in Python include TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn. However, other languages such as Java, C++, and R are also used for AI development depending on the specific application or project requirements.
Learn moreWhat is Prolog?
Prolog is a logic programming language that was developed in the 1970s by Alain Colmerauer and Robert Kowalski. It is based on first-order predicate logic and is used for artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and expert systems. In Prolog, programs are written as a set of facts and rules, which can be used to reason about and solve problems. The language is declarative, meaning that the programmer specifies what they want to achieve rather than how to achieve it. This makes it easier to write and maintain code, especially for complex problems.
Learn moreWhat is Prompt Engineering for LLMs?
Prompt engineering for Large Language Models (LLMs) like Llama 2 or GPT-4 involves crafting inputs (prompts) that effectively guide the model to produce the desired output. It's a skill that combines understanding how the model interprets language with creativity and experimentation.
Learn moreما هو هندسة الأوامر لنماذج اللغة الكبيرة؟
هندسة الأوامر لنماذج اللغة الكبيرة مثل Llama 2 أو GPT-4 تتضمن صياغة مدخلات (أوامر) توجه النموذج بفعالية لإنتاج الناتج المطلوب. إنها مهارة تجمع بين فهم كيفية تفسير النموذج للغة مع الإبداع والتجربة.
Learn moreWas ist Prompt Engineering für LLMs?
Prompt Engineering für große Sprachmodelle (LLMs) wie Llama 2 oder GPT-4 beinhaltet das Erstellen von Eingaben (Prompts), die das Modell effektiv anleiten, um die gewünschte Ausgabe zu produzieren. Es ist eine Fähigkeit, die das Verständnis darüber, wie das Modell Sprache interpretiert, mit Kreativität und Experimentieren kombiniert.
Learn more¿Qué es la Ingeniería de Prompts para LLMs?
La ingeniería de prompts para Modelos de Lenguaje de Gran Tamaño (LLMs) como Llama 2 o GPT-4 implica la creación de entradas (prompts) que guíen efectivamente al modelo para producir la salida deseada. Es una habilidad que combina el entendimiento de cómo el modelo interpreta el lenguaje con la creatividad y experimentación.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que l'ingénierie des invites pour les LLMs ?
L'ingénierie des invites pour les grands modèles de langage (LLMs) comme Llama 2 ou GPT-4 implique la création d'entrées (invites) qui guident efficacement le modèle pour produire la sortie souhaitée. C'est une compétence qui combine la compréhension de la façon dont le modèle interprète le langage avec la créativité et l'expérimentation.
Learn moreWhat is propositional calculus?
Propositional calculus, also known as propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, or sentential logic, is a branch of logic that deals with propositions and the relationships between them.
Learn moreWhat is Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)?
Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a reinforcement learning algorithm that aims to maximize the expected reward of an agent interacting with an environment, while minimizing the divergence between the new and old policy.
Learn moreWhat is Python?
Python is a programming language with many features that make it well suited for use in artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Python is easy to learn for beginners and has a large and active community of users, making it a good choice for AI development. Python also has a number of libraries and tools that can be used for AI development, making it a powerful tool for AI developers.
Learn moreWhat is Q Learning?
Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm used to learn the value of an action in a particular state. The "Q" in Q-learning stands for "quality", which represents how useful a given action is in gaining some future reward. It does not require a model of the environment, and it can handle problems with stochastic transitions and rewards without requiring adaptations.
Learn moreWhat is the qualification problem?
The qualification problem, a fundamental issue in philosophy and artificial intelligence (AI), especially in knowledge-based systems, involves the daunting task of listing all preconditions for a real-world action to yield its intended effect. This task is often impractical due to the real world's complexity and unpredictability. AI pioneer John McCarthy illustrates this problem with a rowboat crossing a river. The oars and rowlocks must be present, unbroken, and compatible. Yet, even with these conditions met, numerous other factors like weather, current, or the rower's physical condition could hinder the crossing. This example underscores the qualification problem's complexity, as it's virtually impossible to enumerate all potential conditions.
Learn moreWhat is a quantifier?
In machine learning and data mining, a quantifier is a model trained using supervised learning to estimate the distribution of classes in a given dataset. The task of quantification involves providing an aggregate estimation, such as the class distribution in a classification problem, for unseen test sets. This is different from classification, where the goal is to predict the class labels of individual data items. Instead, quantification aims to predict the distribution of classes in the entire dataset.
Learn moreWhat is Quantization?
Quantization is a machine learning technique used to speed up the inference and reduce the storage requirements of neural networks. It involves reducing the number of bits that represent the weights of the model.
Learn moreWhat is quantum computing?
Quantum computing represents a significant leap from traditional computing by utilizing quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical bits. Unlike binary bits which are either 0 or 1, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition), enabling quantum computers to process vast amounts of information concurrently and solve complex problems rapidly.
Learn moreWhat are Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs)?
Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) are an emerging class of neural networks that combine principles of quantum computing with traditional neural network structures to potentially solve complex problems more efficiently than classical computers.
Learn moreWhat is query language (AI)?
Query language, also known as natural language processing (NLP), is a type of programming language used to interact with AI systems in a human-like manner. It allows users to ask questions or give commands to the system using natural language, such as English or Spanish. The system then processes the query and provides an appropriate response based on its understanding of the user's intent. Query languages are commonly used in chatbots, virtual assistants, and other AI applications that require human-like interaction.
Learn moreWhat is R?
R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
Learn moreWhat is the Rabbit R1?
The Rabbit R1 is an AI-powered companion device developed by the tech startup Rabbit. It's designed to handle digital tasks for users, aiming to simplify these tasks by bridging the gap between human intent and device execution. The r1 is the first device to feature Rabbit OS, an operating system that can handle most of one's digital errands, from simple tasks like searching for up-to-date information to filling a virtual grocery store cart and completing transactions.
Learn moreWhat is a radial basis function network?
A Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) is a type of artificial neural network that uses radial basis functions as activation functions. It's primarily used for function approximation, time series prediction, classification, and system control.
Learn moreRAGAS
RAGAS, which stands for Retrieval Augmented Generation Assessment, is a framework designed to evaluate Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines. RAG pipelines are a class of Large Language Model (LLM) applications that use external data to augment the LLM's context.
Learn moreRAGAS
RAGAS, qui signifie Retrieval Augmented Generation Assessment, est un cadre conçu pour évaluer les pipelines de génération augmentée par récupération (RAG). Les pipelines RAG sont une classe d'applications de grands modèles de langage (LLM) qui utilisent des données externes pour augmenter le contexte du LLM.
Learn moreRandom Forest
A random forest is a machine learning algorithm that is used for classification and regression. It is a ensemble learning method that is used to create a forest of random decision trees. The random forest algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm, which means it requires a training dataset to be provided. The training dataset is used to train the random Forest model, which is then used to make predictions on new data.
Learn moreWhat is the ReACT agent model?
The ReACT agent model refers to a framework that integrates the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) with the ability to take actionable steps, creating a more sophisticated system that can understand and process information, evaluate situations, take appropriate actions, communicate responses, and track ongoing situations.
Learn moreWhat is reasoning?
A reasoning system is a software system that generates conclusions from available knowledge using logical techniques such as deduction and induction. It's a key component of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, enabling them to make deductions, inferences, solve problems, and make decisions.
Learn moreWhat is a recurrent neural network (RNN)?
A Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a type of artificial neural network designed to recognize patterns in sequences of data, such as text, genomes, handwriting, or spoken words. Unlike traditional neural networks, which process independent inputs and outputs, RNNs consider the 'history' of inputs, allowing prior inputs to influence future ones. This characteristic makes RNNs particularly useful for tasks where the sequence of data points is important, such as natural language processing, speech recognition, and time series prediction.
Learn moreLLM Red Teaming
LLM Red Teaming refers to the practice of systematically challenging and testing large language models (LLMs) to uncover vulnerabilities that could lead to undesirable behaviors. This concept is adapted from cybersecurity, where red teams are used to identify weaknesses in systems and networks by simulating adversarial attacks. In the context of LLMs, red teaming involves creating prompts or scenarios that may cause the model to generate harmful outputs, such as hate speech, misinformation, or privacy violations.
Learn moreWhat is region connection calculus?
Region Connection Calculus (RCC) is a system intended for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning. It abstractly describes regions in Euclidean or topological space by their possible relations to each other.
Learn moreReinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning that is concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. The agent learns by interacting with its environment, and through trial and error discovers which actions yield the most reward.
Learn moreWhat is Reinforcement Learning Theory?
Reinforcement Learning Theory is a branch of machine learning that focuses on how agents should take actions in an environment to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. It is rooted in behavioral psychology and utilizes methods from dynamic programming, Monte Carlo methods, and temporal difference learning.
Learn moreWhat is reservoir computing?
Reservoir Computing, a method for training Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), uses a fixed "reservoir" to transform input data and a trainable output layer to interpret it. This approach simplifies the training process and is effective for tasks requiring memory of past inputs.
Learn moreWhat is Resource Description Framework (RDF)?
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for describing and exchanging data on the web. I's designed to represent information about physical objects and abstract concepts, and to express relationships between entities using a graph data model.
Learn moreWhat is Responsible AI?
Responsible AI refers to the practice of designing, developing, and deploying AI systems in an ethical, safe, and trustworthy manner. It aims to ensure that AI systems are used with good intentions, to empower businesses and individuals, and to have a fair impact on customers and society.
Learn moreWhat is a restricted Boltzmann machine?
A restricted Boltzmann machine is a type of artificial intelligence that can learn to represent data in ways that are similar to how humans do it. It is a neural network that consists of two layers of interconnected nodes. The first layer is called the visible layer, and the second layer is called the hidden layer. The nodes in the visible layer are connected to the nodes in the hidden layer, but the nodes in the hidden layer are not connected to each other.
Learn moreWhat is the Rete algorithm?
The Rete algorithm is a pattern matching algorithm used for implementing rule-based systems. It was designed by Charles L. Forgy at Carnegie Mellon University and is particularly efficient at applying many rules or patterns to many objects, or facts, in a knowledge base. The algorithm is named after the Italian word for "network," reflecting its network-like structure of nodes used for pattern matching.
Learn moreRetrieval-augmented Generation
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a natural language processing technique that enhances the output of Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge sources. This method improves the precision and dependability of AI-generated text by ensuring access to current and pertinent information. By combining a retrieval system with a generative model, RAG efficiently references a vast array of information and remains adaptable to new data, leading to more accurate and contextually relevant responses.
Learn moreRetrieval Pipelines
Retrieval Pipelines are a series of data processing steps where the output of one process is the input to the next. They are crucial in machine learning operations, enabling efficient data flow from the data source to the end application.
Learn moreReinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF)
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) is an advanced learning approach that integrates classical Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms with feedback generated by another AI system. This method is designed to enhance the adaptability and performance of AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) systems.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que l'apprentissage par renforcement à partir des retours d'IA (RLAIF) ?
L'apprentissage par renforcement à partir des retours d'IA (RLAIF) est un type d'[apprentissage automatique](/glossary/machine-learning) qui combine l'apprentissage par renforcement (RL) et l'apprentissage supervisé à partir des retours d'IA pour créer des systèmes d'IA plus efficaces et sûrs.
Learn moreRLHF: Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a machine learning technique that combines reinforcement learning with human feedback to train AI agents, particularly in tasks where defining a reward function is challenging, such as human preference in natural language processing.
Learn moreWas ist Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)?
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) ist eine maschinelle Lernmethode, die Reinforcement Learning mit menschlichem Feedback kombiniert, um KI-Agenten zu trainieren, insbesondere bei Aufgaben, bei denen die Definition einer Belohnungsfunktion herausfordernd ist, wie z.B. menschliche Präferenzen in der natürlichen Sprachverarbeitung.
Learn moreWhat is robotics?
Robotics is a branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture, and application of robots. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology, and bioengineering. Robots are automated machines that can aid humans in a variety of tasks, ranging from industrial manufacturing to intricate surgical procedures. They also have substantial applications in the areas of space exploration, transportation, safety, and mass commodity production. Robotics is constantly evolving and is a key component of modern technological advancements.
Learn moreWhat is Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under Curve (ROC-AUC)?
ROC-AUC, or Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under Curve, is a performance measurement for classification problems in machine learning. The ROC curve is a graphical representation that illustrates the performance of a binary classifier model at varying threshold values. It plots the true positive rate (TPR) against the false positive rate (FPR) at different classification thresholds.
Learn moreWhat is the ROUGE Score (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation)?
The ROUGE Score, or Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation, is a set of metrics used to evaluate the quality of document translation and summarization models. It measures the overlap between a system-generated summary or translation and a set of human-created reference summaries or translations, using various techniques like n-gram co-occurrence statistics, word overlap ratios, and other similarity metrics. The score ranges from 0 to 1, with a score close to zero indicating poor similarity between the candidate and references, and a score close to one indicating strong similarity.
Learn moreWhat are rule-based systems in AI?
Rule-based systems in AI are a type of artificial intelligence system that relies on a set of predefined rules or conditions to make decisions or take actions. They use an "if-then" logic structure, where certain inputs trigger specific outputs based on the defined rules. They are commonly used in applications such as expert systems, decision support systems, and process control systems.
Learn moreWhat is satisfiability?
In the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science, satisfiability refers to the problem of determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given Boolean formula. A Boolean formula, or propositional logic formula, is built from variables and operators such as AND, OR, NOT, and parentheses. A formula is said to be satisfiable if it can be made TRUE by assigning appropriate logical values (TRUE, FALSE) to its variables.
Learn moreScaling Laws for Large Language Models
Scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs) refer to the relationship between the model's performance and the amount of resources used during training, such as the size of the model, the amount of data, and the amount of computation.
Learn moreWhat is a search algorithm?
A search algorithm is a step-by-step procedure used to locate specific data among a collection of data. It is a fundamental concept in computer science and is designed to solve a search problem, which involves retrieving information stored within a particular data structure or calculated in the search space of a problem domain, with either discrete or continuous values.
Learn moreWhat is selection in a genetic algorithm?
Selection is the process of choosing individuals from a population to be used as parents for producing offspring in a genetic algorithm. The goal of selection is to increase the fitness of the population by favoring individuals with higher fitness values. There are several methods for performing selection, including tournament selection, roulette wheel selection, and rank-based selection. In tournament selection, a small number of individuals are randomly chosen from the population and the individual with the highest fitness value is selected as the winner. In roulette wheel selection, each individual is assigned a probability of being selected proportional to its fitness value, and an individual is chosen by spinning a roulette wheel with sections corresponding to each individual's probability. In rank-based selection, individuals are ranked based on their fitness values and a certain proportion of the highest-ranked individuals are selected for reproduction.
Learn moreWhat is self-management in AI?
Self-management in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence systems to autonomously manage their own operations to achieve their objectives without human intervention.
Learn moreWhat is Semantic Information Retrieval?
Semantic Information Retrieval is an advanced approach to searching and retrieving information that focuses on understanding the contextual meaning of search queries, rather than relying solely on keyword matching. It leverages natural language processing, machine learning, and semantic technologies to provide more accurate and relevant results.
Learn moreWhat is a semantic network?
A semantic network is a knowledge representation framework that depicts the relationships between concepts in the form of a network. It consists of nodes representing concepts and edges that establish semantic connections between these concepts. These networks can be directed or undirected graphs and are often used to map out semantic fields, illustrating how different ideas are interrelated.
Learn moreSemantic Query
A semantic query is a question posed in a natural language such as English that is converted into a machine-readable format such as SQL. The goal of semantic query is to make it possible for computers to answer questions posed in natural language.
Learn moreWhat is a semantic reasoner?
A semantic reasoner, also known as a reasoning engine, rules engine, or simply a reasoner, is a software tool designed to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms. It operates by applying a rich set of mechanisms, often specified through an ontology language or a description logic language, to process and interpret data. Semantic reasoners typically use first-order predicate logic to perform reasoning, which allows them to deduce new information that is not explicitly stated in the input data.
Learn moreWhat is Semantic Web?
The Semantic Web, sometimes referred to as Web 3.0, is an extension of the World Wide Web that aims to make internet data machine-readable. It was coined by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the development of proposed Semantic Web standards.
Learn moreSemantics
Semantics in AI refers to the study and understanding of the meaning of words and phrases in a language. It involves the interpretation of natural language to extract the underlying concepts, ideas, and relationships. Semantics plays a crucial role in various AI applications such as natural language processing, information retrieval, and knowledge representation.
Learn moreWhat is sensor fusion?
Sensor fusion is a critical technique in AI that involves integrating data from various sensors to create a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the environment. This approach is essential in robotics and autonomous systems, where it enhances decision-making and interaction with the world.
Learn moreWhat is Sentiment Analysis?
Sentiment Analysis, also known as opinion mining or emotion AI, is a process that uses Natural Language Processing (NLP), computational linguistics, and machine learning to analyze digital text and determine the emotional tone of the message, which can be positive, negative, or neutral. It's a form of text analytics that systematically identifies, extracts, quantifies, and studies affective states and subjective information.
Learn moreWhat is separation logic?
Separation logic is a formal method used in the field of computer science to reason about the ownership and sharing of memory resources within programs. It was developed by John C. Mitchell and others at Stanford University in the late 1990s as an extension to classical Hoare logic, with the goal of improving its ability to handle complex data structures, especially those that involve sharing and concurrency.
Learn moreWhat is Seq2Seq?
Seq2Seq, short for Sequence-to-Sequence, is a machine learning model architecture used for tasks that involve processing sequential data, such as natural language processing (NLP). It is particularly well-suited for applications like machine translation, speech recognition, text summarization, and image captioning.
Learn moreWhat is similarity learning (AI)?
Similarity learning is a branch of machine learning that focuses on training models to recognize the similarity or dissimilarity between data points. It's about determining how alike or different two data points are, which is crucial for understanding patterns, relationships, and structures within data. This understanding is essential for tasks like recommendation systems, image recognition, and anomaly detection.
Learn moreWhat is simulated annealing?
Simulated annealing is a technique used in AI to find solutions to optimization problems. It is based on the idea of annealing in metallurgy, where a metal is heated and then cooled slowly in order to reduce its brittleness. In the same way, simulated annealing can be used to find solutions to optimization problems by slowly changing the values of the variables in the problem until a solution is found.
Learn moreWhat is the Simulation Argument?
The Simulation Argument, proposed by philosopher Nick Bostrom, suggests that we might be living in a computer simulation. It is based on the premise that if a civilization could reach a post-human stage and run many simulations of their evolutionary history, we would be statistically more likely to be in a simulation than in physical reality.
Learn moreWhat is situation calculus?
Situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains. It was first introduced by John McCarthy in 1963. The main idea behind situation calculus is that reachable states, referred to as situations, can be defined in terms of actions that lead to them.
Learn moreWhat is SLD resolution?
SLD (Selective Linear Definite) resolution is a refined version of the standard linear definite clause resolution method used in automated theorem proving and logic programming, particularly in Prolog. It combines the benefits of linearity and selectivity to improve efficiency and reduce search space complexity
Learn moreWhat is Sliding Window Attention?
Sliding Window Attention (SWA) is a technique used in transformer models to limit the attention span of each token to a fixed size window around it. This reduces the computational complexity and makes the model more efficient.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que l'Attention à Fenêtre Glissante?
L'Attention à Fenêtre Glissante (SWA) est une technique utilisée dans les modèles de transformateurs pour limiter la portée de l'attention de chaque jeton à une fenêtre de taille fixe autour de celui-ci. Cela réduit la complexité computationnelle et rend le modèle plus efficace.
Learn moreWhat is Software 2.0?
Software 2.0 refers to the new generation of software that is written in the language of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Unlike traditional software that is explicitly programmed, Software 2.0 learns from data and improves over time. It can perform complex tasks such as natural language processing, pattern recognition, and prediction, which are difficult or impossible for traditional software. The capabilities of Software 2.0 extend beyond simple data entry and can include advanced tasks like facial recognition and understanding natural language.
Learn moreWhat is software engineering?
Software engineering is a discipline that encompasses the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems. It applies engineering principles and systematic approaches to create high-quality, reliable, and maintainable software that meets user requirements. Software engineers work on a variety of projects, including computer games, business applications, operating systems, network control systems, and more.
Learn moreWhat is SPARQL?
SPARQL is a robust query language specifically designed for querying and manipulating data stored in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) format, which is a standard for representing information on the Semantic Web. In the context of AI, SPARQL's ability to uncover patterns and retrieve similar data from large RDF datasets is invaluable. It facilitates the extraction of pertinent information, generation of new RDF data for AI model training and testing, and evaluation of AI models for enhanced performance.
Learn moreWhat is spatial-temporal reasoning?
Spatial-temporal reasoning is a cognitive ability that involves the conceptualization of the three-dimensional relationships of objects in space and the mental manipulation of these objects as a series of transformations over time. This ability is crucial in fields such as architecture, engineering, and mathematics, and is also used in everyday tasks like moving through space.
Learn moreWhat is Speech Emotion Recognition?
Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) is a technology that uses AI to analyze and categorize human emotions from speech. It involves processing and interpreting the acoustic features of speech such as tone, pitch, and rate to identify emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. SER systems are used in various applications including call centers, virtual assistants, and mental health assessment.
Learn moreWhat is speech recognition?
Speech recognition is a technology that converts spoken language into written text. It is used in various applications such as voice user interfaces, language learning, customer service, and more. This technology is different from voice recognition, which is used for identifying an individual's voice.
Learn moreWhat is speech to text?
Speech to Text (STT), also known as speech recognition or computer speech recognition, is a technology that enables the recognition and translation of spoken language into written text. This process is achieved through computational linguistics and machine learning models.
Learn moreWhat is a spiking neural network?
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are a type of artificial neural network that simulate the behavior of biological neurons. They are based on the idea that information processing in the brain occurs through the generation and propagation of spikes, or electrical impulses, between neurons.
Learn moreWhat is STanford Research Institute Planning System (STRIPS)?
STRIPS, or Stanford Research Institute Planning System, is a programming language and algorithm for automated planning in artificial intelligence. It was developed by Richard Fikes and Nils Nilsson at the Stanford Research Institute in 1969. STRIPS uses a state-space representation of the world to plan actions that will achieve a given goal. The system represents the current state of the world as a set of propositions, or facts, and defines actions as transformations between states. It then uses a search algorithm to find a sequence of actions that will lead from the initial state to the desired goal state. STRIPS has been widely used in robotics, game playing, and other applications where automated planning is required.
Learn moreWhat is a state in AI?
In artificial intelligence (AI), a state represents the current condition or environment of the system, akin to a "snapshot" that the AI uses to inform its decision-making process. The complexity and dynamic nature of the world can pose challenges, as numerous factors influencing the state can change rapidly. To manage this, AI systems may employ state machines, which focus solely on the current state without considering its historical context, thereby simplifying the decision-making process.
Learn moreStatistical Classification
Statistical classification is a method of machine learning that is used to predict the probability of a given data point belonging to a particular class. It is a supervised learning technique, which means that it requires a training dataset of known labels in order to learn the mapping between data points and class labels. Once the model has been trained, it can then be used to make predictions on new data points.
Learn moreWhat is Statistical Representation Learning?
Statistical Representation Learning (SRL) is a set of techniques in machine learning and statistics that allows a system to automatically discover the representations needed for feature detection or classification from raw data. This process replaces manual feature engineering and allows a machine to both learn the features and use them for tasks such as classification.
Learn moreStephen Cole Kleene
Stephen Cole Kleene was an American mathematician and logician who made significant contributions to the theory of algorithms and recursive functions. He is known for the introduction of Kleene's recursion theorem and the Kleene star (or Kleene closure), a fundamental concept in formal language theory.
Learn moreStephen Wolfram
Stephen Wolfram is a British-American computer scientist, physicist, and businessman. He is known for his work in theoretical particle physics, cellular automata, complexity theory, and computer algebra. He is the founder and CEO of the software company Wolfram Research where he worked as the lead developer of Mathematica and the Wolfram Alpha answer engine.
Learn moreWhat is Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)?
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is an iterative optimization algorithm widely used in machine learning and deep learning applications to find the model parameters that correspond to the best fit between predicted and actual outputs. It is a variant of the gradient descent algorithm, but instead of performing computations on the entire dataset, SGD calculates the gradient using just a random small part of the observations, or a "mini-batch". This approach can significantly reduce computation time, especially when dealing with large datasets.
Learn moreWhat is stochastic optimization?
Stochastic optimization, also known as stochastic gradient descent (SGD), is a widely-used algorithm for finding approximate solutions to complex optimization problems in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). It involves iteratively updating the model parameters by taking small random steps in the direction of the negative gradient of an objective function, which can be estimated using noisy or stochastic samples from the underlying dataset.
Learn moreStochastic Semantic Analysis
Stochastic semantic analysis (SSA) is a technique used in natural language processing (NLP) to analyze and understand the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in context. It involves combining statistical methods with linguistic knowledge to derive meaningful representations of text data and enable various tasks such as information retrieval, sentiment analysis, and machine translation.
Learn moreWhat are Stop Words?
Stop words are commonly used words in a language that are often filtered out in text processing because they carry little meaningful information for certain tasks. Examples include "a," "the," "is," and "are" in English. In the context of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and text mining, removing stop words helps to focus on more informative words, which can be crucial for applications like search engines, text classification, and sentiment analysis.
Learn moreStructured vs Unstructured Data
Structured data is characterized by its high level of organization, making it easily searchable and straightforward to analyze with common tools and techniques. In contrast, unstructured data is not as neatly organized, often being rich in detail but requiring more sophisticated methods for search and analysis. Consequently, structured data typically yields quantitative insights that are clear-cut and precise, whereas unstructured data can offer qualitative insights, uncovering trends, patterns, and a deeper understanding of the underlying information.
Learn moreWhat is a subject-matter expert?
A subject-matter expert (SME) in a specific domain is an individual with extensive knowledge and expertise in that particular field where machine learning is applied. This expertise could be in fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation, or e-commerce, among others. SMEs in these domains are typically well-versed in the specific challenges, data types, and regulatory requirements of their field, and they have a deep understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of their industry. They are often involved in developing new machine learning applications, improving existing systems, and conducting research and development in their domain.
Learn moreWhat is superalignment?
Superalignment is a concept in AI safety and governance that ensures super artificial intelligence systems, which surpass human intelligence in all domains, act according to human values and goals. It addresses the risks associated with developing and deploying highly advanced AI systems.
Learn moreWhat is SuperGLUE?
SuperGLUE Eval is a benchmarking suite designed to evaluate the performance of language understanding models. It was developed as an evolution of the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark, with the aim of addressing some of its limitations and providing a more comprehensive evaluation of language understanding models.
Learn moreWhat is superintelligence?
Superintelligence is a term used to describe a hypothetical future artificial intelligence (AI) that is significantly smarter than the best human minds in every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills.
Learn moreWhat is supervised fine-tuning?
Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a method used in machine learning to improve the performance of a pre-trained model. The model is initially trained on a large dataset, then fine-tuned on a smaller, specific dataset. This allows the model to maintain the general knowledge learned from the large dataset while adapting to the specific characteristics of the smaller dataset.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que le peaufinage supervisé?
Le peaufinage supervisé (SFT) est une méthode utilisée en [apprentissage automatique](/glossary/machine-learning) pour améliorer les performances d'un modèle pré-entraîné. Le modèle est initialement formé sur un grand ensemble de données, puis peaufiné sur un ensemble de données plus petit et spécifique. Cela permet au modèle de conserver les connaissances générales acquises à partir du grand ensemble de données tout en s'adaptant aux caractéristiques spécifiques du plus petit ensemble de données.
Learn moreSupervised Learning
Supervised learning is a machine learning paradigm where a model is trained on a labeled dataset. The model learns to predict the output from the input data during training. Once trained, the model can make predictions on unseen data. Supervised learning is widely used in applications such as image classification, speech recognition, and market forecasting.
Learn moreWhat is a support vector machine?
A support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised learning algorithm primarily used for classification tasks, but it can also be adapted for regression through methods like Support Vector Regression (SVR). The algorithm is trained on a dataset of labeled examples, where each example is represented as a point in an n-dimensional feature space. The SVM algorithm finds an optimal hyperplane that separates classes in this space with the maximum margin possible. The resulting model can then be used to predict the class labels of new, unseen examples.
Learn moreWhat is swarm intelligence?
Swarm intelligence (SI) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) based on the study of decentralized systems. SI systems are typically made up of a large number of simple agents that interact with each other and their environment in order to accomplish a common goal.
Learn moreWhat is Symbolic AI?
Symbolic AI, also known as Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI), is a paradigm in artificial intelligence research that relies on high-level symbolic representations of problems, logic, and search to solve complex tasks. This approach uses tools such as logic programming, production rules, semantic nets, frames, and ontologies to develop applications like knowledge-based systems, expert systems, symbolic mathematics, automated theorem provers, and automated planning and scheduling systems.
Learn moreWhat is Symbolic Regression in the Context of Machine Learning?
Symbolic Regression is a type of regression analysis that searches for mathematical expressions that best fit a given dataset. In machine learning, it is used to discover the underlying mathematical model that describes the data, which can be particularly useful for understanding complex relationships and making predictions.
Learn moreWhat is synthetic intelligence?
Synthetic Intelligence (SI) is an alternative term for Artificial Intelligence (AI), emphasizing that the intelligence of machines can be a genuine form of intelligence, not just a simulation. The term "synthetic" refers to something produced by synthesis, combining parts to form a whole, often a human-made version of something that has arisen naturally.
Learn moreWhat is systems neuroscience?
Systems neuroscience in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) refers to an interdisciplinary approach that combines insights from neuroscience—the study of the nervous system and the brain—with AI development. The goal is to create AI models that can perceive, learn, and adapt in complex and dynamic environments by emulating the functions of neural assemblies and various subsystems found in biological organisms.
Learn moreWhat is the Techno-Optimist Manifesto?
The Techno-Optimist Manifesto is a document authored by venture capitalist Marc Andreessen, which outlines a vision of technology as the primary driver of human progress and societal improvement. The manifesto is characterized by a strong belief in the transformative power of technology, including AI, and a conviction that technological advancements can solve many of the world's problems.
Learn moreWhat is the Singularity?
The technological singularity is a theoretical future event where technological advancement becomes so rapid and exponential that it surpasses human intelligence. This could result in machines that can self-improve and innovate faster than humans. This runaway effect of ever-increasing intelligence could lead to a future where humans are unable to comprehend or control the technology they have created. While some proponents of the singularity argue that it is inevitable, others believe that it can be prevented through careful regulation of AI development.
Learn moreWhat is temporal difference learning?
Temporal Difference (TD) learning is a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods. These methods sample from the environment, similar to Monte Carlo methods, and perform updates based on current estimates, akin to dynamic programming methods. Unlike Monte Carlo methods, which adjust their estimates only once the final outcome is known, TD methods adjust predictions to match later, more accurate predictions.
Learn moreWhat is a tensor network?
A tensor network is a powerful tool for representing and manipulating high-dimensional data. It is a generalization of the matrix product state (MPS) and the tensor train (TT) decompositions, and can be used to represent a wide variety of data structures including images, videos, and 3D objects.
Learn moreWhat is TensorFlow?
TensorFlow is an open-source software library developed by Google Brain for implementing machine learning and deep learning models. It provides a comprehensive set of tools and APIs for defining, training, and deploying complex neural network architectures on various hardware platforms (e.g., CPUs, GPUs, TPUs) and programming languages (e.g., Python, C++, Java).
Learn moreWhat is text to speech?
Text-to-speech (TTS) is an assistive technology that converts digital text into spoken words. It enables the reading of digital content aloud, making it accessible for individuals who have difficulty reading or prefer auditory learning.
Learn moreWhat is theoretical computer science (TCS)?
Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on the mathematical and abstract aspects of computing. It is concerned with the theory of computation, formal language theory, the lambda calculus, and type theory. TCS covers a wide variety of topics including algorithms, data structures, computational complexity, parallel and distributed computation, probabilistic computation, and quantum computation. It also delves into program semantics and quantification theory.
Learn moreWhat is the theory of computation?
The theory of computation is a fundamental branch of computer science and mathematics. It investigates the limits of computation and problem-solving capabilities through algorithms. This theory utilizes computational models such as Turing machines, recursive functions, and finite-state automata to comprehend these boundaries and opportunities.
Learn moreWhat is Thompson sampling?
Thompson sampling is a heuristic algorithm for choosing actions that addresses the exploration-exploitation dilemma in the multi-armed bandit problem. It involves selecting the action that maximizes the expected reward with respect to a randomly drawn belief. The algorithm maintains a distribution over the space of possible actions and updates this distribution based on the rewards obtained.
Learn moreWhat is Semantic Web?
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, often known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist who is widely recognized as the inventor of the World Wide Web. Born on June 8, 1955, in London, England, both of his parents were mathematicians who worked on the Ferranti Mark I, the first commercial computer.
Learn moreWhat is algorithmic time complexity?
Time complexity is a measure of how efficiently an algorithm runs, or how much computational power it requires to execute. Time complexity is usually expressed as a function of the size of the input data, and is used to compare the efficiency of different algorithms that solve the same problem. It helps in determining which algorithm is more suitable for large datasets or real-time applications.
Learn moreWhat are Tokens in Foundational Models?
Tokens in foundational models are the smallest units of data that the model can process. In the context of Natural Language Processing (NLP), a token usually refers to a word, but it can also represent a character, a subword, or even a sentence, depending on the granularity of the model.
Learn moreTokenization
Tokenization is the process of converting text into tokens that can be fed into a Large Language Model (LLM).
Learn moreWhat is Tracing?
Tracing is a method used to monitor, debug, and understand the execution of an LLM application. It provides a detailed snapshot of a single invocation or operation within the application, which can be anything from a single call to an LLM or chain, to a prompt formatting call, to a runnable lambda invocation.
Learn moreTransformer Architecture
A Transformer is a type of deep learning model that was first proposed in 2017. It's a neural network that learns context and meaning by tracking relationships in sequential data, such as words in a sentence or frames in a video. The Transformer model is particularly notable for its use of an attention mechanism, which allows it to focus on different parts of the input sequence when making predictions.
Learn moreWhat is Transformer Library?
The Transformers library is a machine learning library maintained by Hugging Face and the community. It provides APIs and tools to easily download and train state-of-the-art pretrained models, reducing compute costs and saving time and resources required to train a model from scratch.
Learn moreWhat is transhumanism?
Transhumanism is a philosophical and cultural movement that advocates for the use of technology to enhance human physical and cognitive abilities, with the aim of improving the human condition and ultimately transcending the current limitations of the human body and mind. It is rooted in the belief that we can and should use technology to overcome fundamental human limitations and that doing so is desirable for the evolution of our species.
Learn moreWhat is a transition system?
A transition system is a concept used in theoretical computer science to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems. It consists of states and transitions between these states. The transitions may be labeled with labels chosen from a set, and the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible.
Learn moreWhat is tree traversal?
Tree traversal, also known as tree search or walking the tree, is a form of graph traversal in computer science that involves visiting each node in a tree data structure exactly once. There are several ways to traverse a tree, including in-order, pre-order, and post-order traversal. This article provides a comprehensive overview of tree traversal, its types, benefits, and challenges.
Learn moreWhat is a quantified Boolean formula?
A quantified Boolean formula (QBF) is an extension of propositional logic that allows for quantification over boolean variables using the `universal (∀)` and `existential (∃)` quantifiers. Unlike regular Boolean formulas, which only consist of logical connectives like `AND (∧)`, `OR (∨)`, `NOT (¬)`, and parentheses, QBFs can also include these quantifiers at the beginning of the formula to specify whether all or some values of a particular variable must satisfy certain conditions.
Learn moreWhat is TruthfulQA?
TruthfulQA is a benchmark designed to measure the truthfulness of language models when generating answers to questions. It consists of 817 questions across 38 categories, including health, law, finance, and politics. The benchmark was created to address the issue of language models sometimes generating false answers that mimic popular misconceptions or incorrect beliefs held by humans.
Learn moreWhat is a Turing machine?
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that was first proposed by the mathematician Alan Turing in 1936. It's an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine is capable of simulating any computer algorithm, no matter how complex.
Learn moreWhat is the Turing test?
The Turing test, conceived by Alan Turing in 1950, gauges a machine's capacity to mimic human-like intelligent behavior. It involves a human evaluator conversing with a human and a machine, unaware of their identities. If the evaluator fails to distinguish the machine, it is considered to have passed the test. Turing projected that by 2000, machines would pass this test 30% of the time.
Learn moreWhat are key concepts of the Turing test?
The key concepts of the Turing test include the ability of a machine to mimic human-like intelligent behavior, the role of a human evaluator in distinguishing between responses from a human and a machine, and the criteria for a machine to pass the test. This test, conceived by Alan Turing in 1950, has been a significant benchmark in the field of artificial intelligence.
Learn moreWhat is a type system?
A type system refers to a systematic approach for categorizing and managing data types and structures within AI algorithms and frameworks. It serves as a formal methodology for classifying and managing various types of data within a programming language, encompassing the rules and constraints that govern the usage of data types.
Learn moreUunsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a machine learning approach where models are trained using data that is neither classified nor labeled. This method allows the model to act on the data without guidance, discovering hidden structures within unlabeled datasets.
Learn moreWhat is a Vector Database?
A vector database is a type of database that efficiently handles high-dimensional data using a vector model. It is ideal for applications requiring quick complex data retrieval, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics.
Learn moreVectorization
Vectorization is the process of converting input data into vectors, which are arrays of numbers. This transformation is essential because ML algorithms and models, such as neural networks, operate on numerical data rather than raw data like text or images. By representing data as vectors, we can apply mathematical operations and linear algebra techniques to analyze and process the data effectively.
Learn moreWhat is a vision processing unit (VPU)?
A Vision Processing Unit (VPU) is a specialized type of microprocessor designed specifically for accelerating computer vision tasks such as image and video processing, object detection, feature extraction, and machine learning inference. VPUs are designed to handle real-time, high-volume data streams efficiently and with low power consumption.
Learn moreWhat is IBM Watson?
IBM Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci.
Learn moreWhat is weak AI?
Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, refers to artificial intelligence systems designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems. These systems are not capable of general intelligence, meaning they cannot apply their knowledge and reasoning abilities across a broad range of contexts or learn from experience like humans do. Weak AI is typically used in specialized applications such as image recognition, natural language processing, and game-playing algorithms.
Learn moreWhat are Weights and Biases?
Weights and biases are distinct neural network parameters with specific roles. Weights, as real values, determine the influence of inputs on outputs by modulating the connection strength between neurons. Biases are constants added to neurons, ensuring activation even without input. They introduce a fixed value of 1 to the neuron's output, enabling activation even when inputs are zero, thus maintaining the network's ability to adapt and learn.
Learn moreWhat is the Word Error Rate (WER) Score?
The Word Error Rate (WER) is a common metric used to evaluate the performance of a speech recognition or machine translation system. It measures the ratio of errors in a transcript to the total words spoken, providing an indication of the accuracy of the system. A lower WER implies better accuracy in recognizing speech.
Learn moreWolfram Alpha
Wolfram Alpha is a computational knowledge engine or answer engine developed by Wolfram Research. It is an online service that answers factual queries directly by computing the answer from externally sourced "curated data."
Learn moreWhat are word embeddings?
Word embeddings are a method used in natural language processing (NLP) to represent words as real-valued vectors in a predefined vector space. The goal is to encode the semantic meaning of words in such a way that words with similar meanings are represented by vectors that are close to each other in the vector space.
Learn moreWhat is Word2Vec?
Word2Vec is a technique in natural language processing (NLP) that provides vector representations of words. These vectors capture the semantic and syntactic qualities of words, and their usage in context. The Word2Vec algorithm estimates these representations by modeling text in a large corpus.
Learn moreWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C)?
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops standards for the World Wide Web. The W3C was founded in October 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web.
Learn moreWhat is Zephyr 7B?
Zephyr 7B is a state-of-the-art language model developed by Hugging Face. It is a fine-tuned version of the Mistral-7B model, trained on a mix of publicly available and synthetic datasets using Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). The model is designed to generate fluent, interesting, and helpful conversations, making it an ideal assistant in various tasks.
Learn moreQu'est-ce que Zephyr 7B?
Zephyr 7B est un modèle de langage de pointe développé par Hugging Face. C'est une version affinée du modèle Mistral-7B, formée sur un mélange de jeux de données publiquement disponibles et synthétiques en utilisant l'Optimisation Directe des Préférences (DPO). Le modèle est conçu pour générer des conversations fluides, intéressantes et utiles, ce qui en fait un assistant idéal pour diverses tâches.
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